Common Names: Common Henbane, Henbane, Henbane, Henbell, Hog's Bean, Jupiter's Bean, black nightshade, devil's eye, poison tobacco
Danger: All parts of the plant are very toxic. Symptoms of poisoning include impaired vision, convulsions, coma and death from heart or respiratory failure
Habitat: By the walls of fields, waste ground, near buildings and in stony places from low-lying ground near the sea to lower mountain slopes
Magickal Uses:
Feminine. Saturn. Water. *Poison*
A love-bringing herb when worn. Traditionally used in ointments and brews. Induces delirium. Used with wisdom, it could be an excellent herb for consecrating ceremonial vessels. Attracts hares, therefore would be an excellent herb for those who raise rabbits.
Edible Uses: NONE
Medicinal Uses: Anodyne; Anthelmintic; Antispasmodic; Antitumor; Diuretic; Febrifuge; Hallucinogenic; Hypnotic; Mydriatic; Narcotic; Sedative. Henbane has a very long history of use as a medicinal herb, and has been widely cultivated to meet the demand for its use. It is used extensively as a sedative and pain killer and is specifically used for pain affecting the urinary tract, especially when due to kidney stones. Its sedative and antispasmodic effect makes it a valuable treatment for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, relieving tremor and rigidity during the early stages of the disease. This species is the form generally considered best for external use, whilst the white henbane (H. albus) is considered the most appropriate for internal use. All parts of the plant, but especially the leaves and the seeds, can be used - they are anodyne, antispasmodic, mildly diuretic, hallucinogenic, hypnotic, mydriatic, narcotic and sedative. The plant is used internally in the treatment of asthma, whooping cough, motion sickness, Meniere's syndrome, tremor in senility or paralysis and as a pre-operative medication. Henbane reduces mucous secretions, as well as saliva and other digestive juices. Externally, it is used as an oil to relieve painful conditions such as neuralgia, dental and rheumatic pains.The leaves should be harvested when the plant is in full flower and they can then be dried for later use. There is an annual and a biennial form of this species, both can be used medicinaly but the biennial form is considered to be superior. This is a very poisonous plant that should be used with great caution, and only under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. The seed is used in the treatment of asthma, cough, epilepsy, myalgia and toothache. The seeds are used in Tibetan medicine, they are said to have a bitter, acrid taste with a neutral and poisonous potency. Anthelmintic, antitumor and febrifuge, they are used in the treatment of stomach/intestinal pain due to worm infestation, toothache, inflammation of the pulmonary region and tumours
Cultivation: Prefers a sunny position and a dry soil. Succeeds in ordinary garden soil but prefers an alkaline soil. Plants succeed in sandy spots near the sea. Cultivated commercially as a medicinal plant, only the biennial form is considered officinal. Grows well in maritime areas, often self-sowing freely. Older plants do not transplant well due to a brittle taproot. The growing plant inhibits the growth of clover. The flowers emit a sickly fishy smell.
Propagation: Seed - sow summer in a cold frame and pot on as soon as possible before the taproot is too long
Description---H. niger is susceptible of considerable diversity of character, causing varieties which have by some been considered as distinct species. Thus the plant is sometimes annual, the stem almost unbranched, smaller and less downy than in the biennial form, the leaves shorter and less hairy and the flowers often yellow, without any purple markings. The annual plant also flowers in July or August, the biennial in May and June.
The annual and biennial form spring indifferently from the same crop of seed, the former growing during summer to a height of from 1 to 2 feet, and flowering and perfecting seed, the latter producing the first season only a tuft of radical leaves, which disappear in winter, leaving underground a thick, fleshy root, from the crown of which arises in spring a branched, flowering stem, usually much taller and more vigorous than the flowering stems of the annual plants. The annual form is apparently produced by the weaker and later developed seeds formed in the fruit at the ends of the shoots; it is considered to be less active than the typical species and differs in being of dwarfed growth and having rather paler flowers. The British drug of commerce consists of dense flowering shoots only, and of larger size.
Both varieties are used in medicine, but the biennial form is the one considered official. The leaves of this biennial plant spread out flat on all sides from the crown of the root like a rosette; they are oblong and egg-shaped, with acute points, stalked and more or less sharply toothed, often more than a foot in length, of a greyish-green colour and covered with sticky hairs. These leaves perish at the appearance of winter. The flowering stem pushes up from the root-crown in the following spring, ultimately reaching from 3 to 4 feet in height, and as it grows, becoming branched and furnished with alternate, oblong, unequally lobed, stalkless leaves, which are stem-clasping and vary considerably in size, but seldom exceed 9 or 10 inches in length. These leaves are pale green in colour, with a broad conspicuous mid-rib, and are furnished on both sides (but particularly on the veins on the under surface) with soft, glandular hairs, which secrete a resinous substance that causes the fresh leaves to feel unpleasantly clammy and sticky. Similar hairs occur on the sub-cylindrical branches. The flowers are shortly stalked, the lower ones growing in the fork of the branches, the upper ones stalkless, crowded together in onesided, leafy spikes, which are rolled back at the top before flowering, the hairy, leafy, coarsely-toothed bracts becoming smaller upwards. The flowers have a hairy, pitchershaped calyx, which remains round the fruit and is strongly veined, with five stiff, broad, almost prickly lobes. The corollas are obliquely funnel-shaped, upwards of an inch across, of a dingy yellow or buff, marked with a close network of lurid purple veins. A variety sometimes occurs in which the corolla is not marked with these purple veins. The seed-capsule opens transversely by a convex lid and contains numerous small seeds. Perhaps the most striking feature of the plant are these curious seed-vessels, a very detailed description of which is given in the works of Flavius Josephus, as it was upon this capsule that one of the ornaments of the Jewish High Priests' head-dress was modelled. The whole plant has a powerful, oppressive, nauseous odour.
Danger: All parts of the plant are very toxic. Symptoms of poisoning include impaired vision, convulsions, coma and death from heart or respiratory failure
Habitat: By the walls of fields, waste ground, near buildings and in stony places from low-lying ground near the sea to lower mountain slopes
Magickal Uses:
Feminine. Saturn. Water. *Poison*
A love-bringing herb when worn. Traditionally used in ointments and brews. Induces delirium. Used with wisdom, it could be an excellent herb for consecrating ceremonial vessels. Attracts hares, therefore would be an excellent herb for those who raise rabbits.
Edible Uses: NONE
Medicinal Uses: Anodyne; Anthelmintic; Antispasmodic; Antitumor; Diuretic; Febrifuge; Hallucinogenic; Hypnotic; Mydriatic; Narcotic; Sedative. Henbane has a very long history of use as a medicinal herb, and has been widely cultivated to meet the demand for its use. It is used extensively as a sedative and pain killer and is specifically used for pain affecting the urinary tract, especially when due to kidney stones. Its sedative and antispasmodic effect makes it a valuable treatment for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, relieving tremor and rigidity during the early stages of the disease. This species is the form generally considered best for external use, whilst the white henbane (H. albus) is considered the most appropriate for internal use. All parts of the plant, but especially the leaves and the seeds, can be used - they are anodyne, antispasmodic, mildly diuretic, hallucinogenic, hypnotic, mydriatic, narcotic and sedative. The plant is used internally in the treatment of asthma, whooping cough, motion sickness, Meniere's syndrome, tremor in senility or paralysis and as a pre-operative medication. Henbane reduces mucous secretions, as well as saliva and other digestive juices. Externally, it is used as an oil to relieve painful conditions such as neuralgia, dental and rheumatic pains.The leaves should be harvested when the plant is in full flower and they can then be dried for later use. There is an annual and a biennial form of this species, both can be used medicinaly but the biennial form is considered to be superior. This is a very poisonous plant that should be used with great caution, and only under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. The seed is used in the treatment of asthma, cough, epilepsy, myalgia and toothache. The seeds are used in Tibetan medicine, they are said to have a bitter, acrid taste with a neutral and poisonous potency. Anthelmintic, antitumor and febrifuge, they are used in the treatment of stomach/intestinal pain due to worm infestation, toothache, inflammation of the pulmonary region and tumours
Cultivation: Prefers a sunny position and a dry soil. Succeeds in ordinary garden soil but prefers an alkaline soil. Plants succeed in sandy spots near the sea. Cultivated commercially as a medicinal plant, only the biennial form is considered officinal. Grows well in maritime areas, often self-sowing freely. Older plants do not transplant well due to a brittle taproot. The growing plant inhibits the growth of clover. The flowers emit a sickly fishy smell.
Propagation: Seed - sow summer in a cold frame and pot on as soon as possible before the taproot is too long
Description---H. niger is susceptible of considerable diversity of character, causing varieties which have by some been considered as distinct species. Thus the plant is sometimes annual, the stem almost unbranched, smaller and less downy than in the biennial form, the leaves shorter and less hairy and the flowers often yellow, without any purple markings. The annual plant also flowers in July or August, the biennial in May and June.
The annual and biennial form spring indifferently from the same crop of seed, the former growing during summer to a height of from 1 to 2 feet, and flowering and perfecting seed, the latter producing the first season only a tuft of radical leaves, which disappear in winter, leaving underground a thick, fleshy root, from the crown of which arises in spring a branched, flowering stem, usually much taller and more vigorous than the flowering stems of the annual plants. The annual form is apparently produced by the weaker and later developed seeds formed in the fruit at the ends of the shoots; it is considered to be less active than the typical species and differs in being of dwarfed growth and having rather paler flowers. The British drug of commerce consists of dense flowering shoots only, and of larger size.
Both varieties are used in medicine, but the biennial form is the one considered official. The leaves of this biennial plant spread out flat on all sides from the crown of the root like a rosette; they are oblong and egg-shaped, with acute points, stalked and more or less sharply toothed, often more than a foot in length, of a greyish-green colour and covered with sticky hairs. These leaves perish at the appearance of winter. The flowering stem pushes up from the root-crown in the following spring, ultimately reaching from 3 to 4 feet in height, and as it grows, becoming branched and furnished with alternate, oblong, unequally lobed, stalkless leaves, which are stem-clasping and vary considerably in size, but seldom exceed 9 or 10 inches in length. These leaves are pale green in colour, with a broad conspicuous mid-rib, and are furnished on both sides (but particularly on the veins on the under surface) with soft, glandular hairs, which secrete a resinous substance that causes the fresh leaves to feel unpleasantly clammy and sticky. Similar hairs occur on the sub-cylindrical branches. The flowers are shortly stalked, the lower ones growing in the fork of the branches, the upper ones stalkless, crowded together in onesided, leafy spikes, which are rolled back at the top before flowering, the hairy, leafy, coarsely-toothed bracts becoming smaller upwards. The flowers have a hairy, pitchershaped calyx, which remains round the fruit and is strongly veined, with five stiff, broad, almost prickly lobes. The corollas are obliquely funnel-shaped, upwards of an inch across, of a dingy yellow or buff, marked with a close network of lurid purple veins. A variety sometimes occurs in which the corolla is not marked with these purple veins. The seed-capsule opens transversely by a convex lid and contains numerous small seeds. Perhaps the most striking feature of the plant are these curious seed-vessels, a very detailed description of which is given in the works of Flavius Josephus, as it was upon this capsule that one of the ornaments of the Jewish High Priests' head-dress was modelled. The whole plant has a powerful, oppressive, nauseous odour.
Antiquity embraced this poisonous herbaceous plant with the sticky hairy leaves and unpleasant smell for reasons of divine worship. In Medieval times henbane won recognition for its part in the concoction of flying potion and as an intoxicating additive to beer. Ethnologist speculate that the name Pilsner beer derives from the German word for henbane, Bilsenkraut. Its oil has also proved to be an effective narcotic often administered before operations. Caution: The whole plant is very poisonous and is particularly dangerous for children!Growing instructions
Sow early spring indoors. Pot up the seedlings into individual pots as soon as the first true leaf appears and plant them out after the last expected frosts.
Cultivation---Henbane is in such demand for medicinal purposes that it is necessary to cultivate it, the wild plants not yielding a sufficient supply. Both varieties were formerly cultivated in England, but at present the biennial is almost solely grown. Englishgrown Henbane has always been nearly sufficient to provide enough fresh leaves for the preparation of the juice, or green extract, but large quantities, chiefly of the annual kind, were imported before the War from Germany, Austria and Russia, in the form of dry leaves. Henbane will grow on most soils, in sandy spots near the sea, on chalky slopes, and in cultivation flourishing in a good loam.
It is, however, very capricious in its growth, the seeds being prone to lie dormant for a season or more, refusing to germinate at all in some places, and the crop varying without any apparent reason, sometimes dying in patches. In some maritime localities it can be grown without any trouble. It requires a light, moderately rich and well-drained soil for successful growth and an open, sunny situation, but does not want much attention beyond keeping the ground free from weeds.
The seed should be sown in the open early in May or as soon as the ground is warm, as thinly as possible, in rows 2 to 2 1/2 feet apart, the seedlings thinned out to 2 feet apart in the rows, as they do not stand transplanting well. Only the larger seedlings should be reserved, especially those of a bluish tint. The soil where the crop is to be, must have been well manured, and must be kept moist until the seeds have germinated, and also during May and June of the first year. It is also recommended to sow seeds of biennial Henbane at their natural ripening time, August, in porous soil.
The ground must never be water-logged, especially in the first winter; it runs to stalk in a wet season. Drought and late frosts stunt the growth and cause it to blossom too early, and if the climatic conditions are unsuitable, especially in a dry spring and summer, the biennial Henbane will flower in its first year, while the growth is quite low, but wellmanured soil may prevent this.
Care must be taken in selecting the seed: commercial Henbane seed is often kiln-dried and useless for sowing. In order to more readily ensure germination, it is advisable to soak the seeds in water for twenty-four hours before planting: the unfertile seeds will then float on the top of the water and may thus be distinguished. Ripe seed should be grey, and yellowish or brown seeds should be rejected, as they are immature. Let the seeds dry and then sift out the smallest, keeping only the larger seeds.
Henbane seed being very small and light should be well mixed with fine dry soil as it is sown.
As seedlings often die off, a reserve should be kept in a box or bed to fill gaps, even though they do not always transplant success fully.
If it is desired to raise a crop of the annualvariety the plants, being smaller and not branching so freely, may be grown at a distance of 18 inches apart each way, but the annual is very little cultivated in this country.
If any annuals come up among the biennials sown, the flowers should be cut off until the leaves get larger and the stem branches.
There is usually some difficulty in growing Henbane owing to its destruction by insects: sometimes the whole of the foliage is destroyed by the larvae of a leaf-mining fly, Pegomyia Hyoscyami, and the crop is rendered worthless in a week. And when the large autumnal leaves of the first-year plants of the biennial variety decay, the large terminal bud is often destroyed by one of the various species of macro-lepidopterous caterpillars which hide themselves in the ground. The crown or bud should be covered as soon as the leaves have rotted away with soil mixed with soot or naphthaline, to prevent the depredations of these and other insects.
Floods may also rot the plants in winter, if grown on level ground. Potato pests are fond of the prickly leaves and will leave a potato patch to feed on the Henbane plant.
If mildew develops on the foliage in summer, dust the plants with powdered sulphur or spray with 1/2 oz. of liver of sulphur in 2 gallons of water.
When it is desired to preserve seed for propagation, it is well to cut off the top flowering shoots at an early stage of flowering (these may be dried and sold as flowering tops), and allow only about six seed-capsules to ripen. This will ensure strong seed to the capsules left, and this seed will probably produce biennial Henbane, weaker seeds being apt to produce the less robust and less valuable annual Henbane.
Seeds sown as soon as ripe in August may germinate in autumn, and thus constitute a biennial by growing on all through the winter and flowering the next summer.
Although the cultivation of Henbane in sandy ground near the sea, especially on the rich soil of estuaries, would probably pay well, it is hardly a profitable plant to grow in small gardens, more especially as the yield of dried leaf is very small. It is estimated that about 15 cwt. of dry herb are obtained from an acre of ground.
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Sow early spring indoors. Pot up the seedlings into individual pots as soon as the first true leaf appears and plant them out after the last expected frosts.
Cultivation---Henbane is in such demand for medicinal purposes that it is necessary to cultivate it, the wild plants not yielding a sufficient supply. Both varieties were formerly cultivated in England, but at present the biennial is almost solely grown. Englishgrown Henbane has always been nearly sufficient to provide enough fresh leaves for the preparation of the juice, or green extract, but large quantities, chiefly of the annual kind, were imported before the War from Germany, Austria and Russia, in the form of dry leaves. Henbane will grow on most soils, in sandy spots near the sea, on chalky slopes, and in cultivation flourishing in a good loam.
It is, however, very capricious in its growth, the seeds being prone to lie dormant for a season or more, refusing to germinate at all in some places, and the crop varying without any apparent reason, sometimes dying in patches. In some maritime localities it can be grown without any trouble. It requires a light, moderately rich and well-drained soil for successful growth and an open, sunny situation, but does not want much attention beyond keeping the ground free from weeds.
The seed should be sown in the open early in May or as soon as the ground is warm, as thinly as possible, in rows 2 to 2 1/2 feet apart, the seedlings thinned out to 2 feet apart in the rows, as they do not stand transplanting well. Only the larger seedlings should be reserved, especially those of a bluish tint. The soil where the crop is to be, must have been well manured, and must be kept moist until the seeds have germinated, and also during May and June of the first year. It is also recommended to sow seeds of biennial Henbane at their natural ripening time, August, in porous soil.
The ground must never be water-logged, especially in the first winter; it runs to stalk in a wet season. Drought and late frosts stunt the growth and cause it to blossom too early, and if the climatic conditions are unsuitable, especially in a dry spring and summer, the biennial Henbane will flower in its first year, while the growth is quite low, but wellmanured soil may prevent this.
Care must be taken in selecting the seed: commercial Henbane seed is often kiln-dried and useless for sowing. In order to more readily ensure germination, it is advisable to soak the seeds in water for twenty-four hours before planting: the unfertile seeds will then float on the top of the water and may thus be distinguished. Ripe seed should be grey, and yellowish or brown seeds should be rejected, as they are immature. Let the seeds dry and then sift out the smallest, keeping only the larger seeds.
Henbane seed being very small and light should be well mixed with fine dry soil as it is sown.
As seedlings often die off, a reserve should be kept in a box or bed to fill gaps, even though they do not always transplant success fully.
If it is desired to raise a crop of the annualvariety the plants, being smaller and not branching so freely, may be grown at a distance of 18 inches apart each way, but the annual is very little cultivated in this country.
If any annuals come up among the biennials sown, the flowers should be cut off until the leaves get larger and the stem branches.
There is usually some difficulty in growing Henbane owing to its destruction by insects: sometimes the whole of the foliage is destroyed by the larvae of a leaf-mining fly, Pegomyia Hyoscyami, and the crop is rendered worthless in a week. And when the large autumnal leaves of the first-year plants of the biennial variety decay, the large terminal bud is often destroyed by one of the various species of macro-lepidopterous caterpillars which hide themselves in the ground. The crown or bud should be covered as soon as the leaves have rotted away with soil mixed with soot or naphthaline, to prevent the depredations of these and other insects.
Floods may also rot the plants in winter, if grown on level ground. Potato pests are fond of the prickly leaves and will leave a potato patch to feed on the Henbane plant.
If mildew develops on the foliage in summer, dust the plants with powdered sulphur or spray with 1/2 oz. of liver of sulphur in 2 gallons of water.
When it is desired to preserve seed for propagation, it is well to cut off the top flowering shoots at an early stage of flowering (these may be dried and sold as flowering tops), and allow only about six seed-capsules to ripen. This will ensure strong seed to the capsules left, and this seed will probably produce biennial Henbane, weaker seeds being apt to produce the less robust and less valuable annual Henbane.
Seeds sown as soon as ripe in August may germinate in autumn, and thus constitute a biennial by growing on all through the winter and flowering the next summer.
Although the cultivation of Henbane in sandy ground near the sea, especially on the rich soil of estuaries, would probably pay well, it is hardly a profitable plant to grow in small gardens, more especially as the yield of dried leaf is very small. It is estimated that about 15 cwt. of dry herb are obtained from an acre of ground.
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خصوصيات گياهشناسي
گياهي است يكساله يا دوساله، تا ارتفاع يك متر رشد ميكند، داراي برگهاي كمي لوبدار وگل هاي زنگوله اي شكل زرد و كمرنگ با رگبرگ هاي ارغواني زيبا،
قسمتهاي مورد استفاده
برگ، گل
تركيبات شيميايي
بذرالبنج حاوي آلكالوئيدهاي تروپان به ويژه هيوسيامين و هيوسين، آتروپين، اسكوپولامين ميباشد.
خواص مهم دارويي
مسكن، مسكن دردهاي دستگاه ادراري بويژه دردهاي ناشي ازسنگ كليه و نيز گرفتگي عضلات شكمي است خاصيت مسكني ضد اسپاسمي گياه آن را براي درمان عوارض بيماري پاركينسون مؤثر ساخته است. گياه برطرفكننده رعشه درمانكننده آسم، برونشيت ميباشد.
خواهشهاي اكولوژيكي
بذر البنج بومي آسيا غربي و اروپاي جنوبي است امروزه درسرتاسر اروپاي مركزي و غربي وآمريكا يافت ميشود. اين گياه تقريباً در هر اقليمي قادر به رويش ميباشد. بذر البنج گياهي است بلند روز و در طول رويش خود به مقدارزيادي نور احتياج دارد. جهت تسريع در رشد و نمو و افزايش مواد مؤثره( آلكالوئيدها) به مواد هوموسي و خاكهاي غني از نيتروژن احتياج دارد. به طوري كه كمبود مواد و عناصر غذايي در خاك اثرات مطلوبي در رويش اين گياه دارد.
روش تكثير و نحوه كاشت
بذر گياه قوه رويشي بسيار كمي دارد. براي افزايش قوه ناميه رويشي ، بذور بايد يك دوره سرما را بگذارنند. از اين رو درصورت كاشت بهاره بايد بذور را سه هفته در دماي 10-8 درجه سانتيگراد قرار داد. در اين مدت دو يا سه مرتبه وهر مرتبه به مدت 10 تا 12 ساعت ، دماي آزمايشگاهي (25-20 درجه سانتيگراد) منتقل شوند. زمان مناسب براي كاشت پاييزه اواسط پاييز(آبانماه) ميباشد. در حاليكه زمان مناسب براي كاشت بهاره اوايل بهار(فروردين ماه) ميباشد. فاصله رديف ها اعم از كشت بهاره و پاييزه 60-50 سانتيمتر وعمق بذر در هنگام كشت يك تا 5/1 سانتيمتر بايد باشد. براي هر هكتار زمين به 4 تا6 كيلوگرم بذر با كيفيت مطلوب نياز است . استفاده از كود حيواني پوسيده باعث افزايش عملكرد گياه ميشود. تحقيقات نشان داده است كه كود شيميايي تاثير مطلوبي بر بذر البنج دارد و چنانچه به مقدار و زمان مناسب به گياه داده شود ونقش عمده در عملكرد رويشي و مواد مؤثره گياه دارد. درفصل پاييز هنگام آماده سازي زمين مقدار 80 تا 100 كيلوگرم در هكتار ازت، 80-70 كيلوگرم اكسيد فسفر و 120-100 كيلوگرم در هر هكتار اكسيدپتاس دراختيارگياه قرار داد.
از سال اول رويش ميتوان برگهاي گياه را برداشت نمود. هنگامي كه برگها به اندازه نهايي خود رسيدند، آنها برداشت ميكنند. برداشت برگ عموماً در اواسط تابستان صورت ميگيرد. برگهاي گياه را براساس شرايط اقليمي 3-2 بار ميتوان برداشت نمود. درصورتيكه بذور اين گياه مورد نظر باشد. بايد در برداشت برگها دقت شود تا به گلها يا جوانههاي گلدهنده آسيبي نرسد، همچنين ميتوان برخي گياهاني كه براي برداشت بذور منظوراست از برداشت برگ آن خودداري شود. عملكرد برگ خشك 800 تا1000 كيلوگرم در هر هكتار است وعملكرد بذر 500-200 كيلوگرم در هر هكتار است بذور گياه در ماههاي خرداد وتير به تدريج مي رسند.
خلاصه اقدامات انجام شده و نتايج بدست آمده
بذر البنج در بهمن ماه از طريق بذركشت گرديد. جوانه زني بذور نسبتاً مناسب، استقرار و بذردهي گياه در شرايط كلكسيون خوب است. بطوركلي كشت بذرالبنج در شرايط كلكسيون نسبتاً سازگار ميباشد
گياهي است يكساله يا دوساله، تا ارتفاع يك متر رشد ميكند، داراي برگهاي كمي لوبدار وگل هاي زنگوله اي شكل زرد و كمرنگ با رگبرگ هاي ارغواني زيبا،
قسمتهاي مورد استفاده
برگ، گل
تركيبات شيميايي
بذرالبنج حاوي آلكالوئيدهاي تروپان به ويژه هيوسيامين و هيوسين، آتروپين، اسكوپولامين ميباشد.
خواص مهم دارويي
مسكن، مسكن دردهاي دستگاه ادراري بويژه دردهاي ناشي ازسنگ كليه و نيز گرفتگي عضلات شكمي است خاصيت مسكني ضد اسپاسمي گياه آن را براي درمان عوارض بيماري پاركينسون مؤثر ساخته است. گياه برطرفكننده رعشه درمانكننده آسم، برونشيت ميباشد.
خواهشهاي اكولوژيكي
بذر البنج بومي آسيا غربي و اروپاي جنوبي است امروزه درسرتاسر اروپاي مركزي و غربي وآمريكا يافت ميشود. اين گياه تقريباً در هر اقليمي قادر به رويش ميباشد. بذر البنج گياهي است بلند روز و در طول رويش خود به مقدارزيادي نور احتياج دارد. جهت تسريع در رشد و نمو و افزايش مواد مؤثره( آلكالوئيدها) به مواد هوموسي و خاكهاي غني از نيتروژن احتياج دارد. به طوري كه كمبود مواد و عناصر غذايي در خاك اثرات مطلوبي در رويش اين گياه دارد.
روش تكثير و نحوه كاشت
بذر گياه قوه رويشي بسيار كمي دارد. براي افزايش قوه ناميه رويشي ، بذور بايد يك دوره سرما را بگذارنند. از اين رو درصورت كاشت بهاره بايد بذور را سه هفته در دماي 10-8 درجه سانتيگراد قرار داد. در اين مدت دو يا سه مرتبه وهر مرتبه به مدت 10 تا 12 ساعت ، دماي آزمايشگاهي (25-20 درجه سانتيگراد) منتقل شوند. زمان مناسب براي كاشت پاييزه اواسط پاييز(آبانماه) ميباشد. در حاليكه زمان مناسب براي كاشت بهاره اوايل بهار(فروردين ماه) ميباشد. فاصله رديف ها اعم از كشت بهاره و پاييزه 60-50 سانتيمتر وعمق بذر در هنگام كشت يك تا 5/1 سانتيمتر بايد باشد. براي هر هكتار زمين به 4 تا6 كيلوگرم بذر با كيفيت مطلوب نياز است . استفاده از كود حيواني پوسيده باعث افزايش عملكرد گياه ميشود. تحقيقات نشان داده است كه كود شيميايي تاثير مطلوبي بر بذر البنج دارد و چنانچه به مقدار و زمان مناسب به گياه داده شود ونقش عمده در عملكرد رويشي و مواد مؤثره گياه دارد. درفصل پاييز هنگام آماده سازي زمين مقدار 80 تا 100 كيلوگرم در هكتار ازت، 80-70 كيلوگرم اكسيد فسفر و 120-100 كيلوگرم در هر هكتار اكسيدپتاس دراختيارگياه قرار داد.
از سال اول رويش ميتوان برگهاي گياه را برداشت نمود. هنگامي كه برگها به اندازه نهايي خود رسيدند، آنها برداشت ميكنند. برداشت برگ عموماً در اواسط تابستان صورت ميگيرد. برگهاي گياه را براساس شرايط اقليمي 3-2 بار ميتوان برداشت نمود. درصورتيكه بذور اين گياه مورد نظر باشد. بايد در برداشت برگها دقت شود تا به گلها يا جوانههاي گلدهنده آسيبي نرسد، همچنين ميتوان برخي گياهاني كه براي برداشت بذور منظوراست از برداشت برگ آن خودداري شود. عملكرد برگ خشك 800 تا1000 كيلوگرم در هر هكتار است وعملكرد بذر 500-200 كيلوگرم در هر هكتار است بذور گياه در ماههاي خرداد وتير به تدريج مي رسند.
خلاصه اقدامات انجام شده و نتايج بدست آمده
بذر البنج در بهمن ماه از طريق بذركشت گرديد. جوانه زني بذور نسبتاً مناسب، استقرار و بذردهي گياه در شرايط كلكسيون خوب است. بطوركلي كشت بذرالبنج در شرايط كلكسيون نسبتاً سازگار ميباشد
گياهي است با برگ هاي مثلثي تا مستطيل شکل که بر روي ساقه و اين برگ ها کرک هاي سفيد پنبه اي ديده مي شود. برگ هاي گياه داراي بريدگي هاي شانه اي مي باشند و اين بريدگي هاي برگ را به چند لوب تقسيم مي نمايد. گل ها زرد رنگ و داراي رگه هاي مشبک ارغواني رنگ مي باشند. اين گياه سمي حداقل 2000 سال است که به عنوان يک داروي مسکن کاهنده ي درد و شل کننده ي ماهيچه ها شناخته شده است. همه ي خواص در برگهاي گياه جمع مي باشند. در قرن اول بعد از ميلاد، يونانيان از اين گياه به عنوان شربت خواب آور و مسکن استفاه مي کردند. د رطول قرون وسطي بذرالبنج يا بنگ دانه يا سيگران به عنوان يک داروي خانگي شفادهنده ي دندان درد و دردهاي روماتيسمي، مثل سيگار مي کشيده اند. نتايج ثبت شده از اين درمان خانگي نشان ميدهد که شفا دهندگي دارو غير قابل پيش بيني بوده و مواردي از قبيل تشنج، پرت و پلا گويي و ديوانگي را به دنبال داشته است. جرارد درباره ي اين شيوه درماني نوشته است: «يک خواب بدون آرامش، شبيه خوابي که به دنبال مستي عارض انسان مي گردد؛ خوابي که طولاني مي شده و در نهايت مرگ بيمار را به دنبال داشته است».
کولپپر ادعا کرده است که اين گياه تحت نفوذ سياره ي زحل (کيوان) فرمانرواي استخوانها و اسکلت بندي انسان قرار دارد و برگ گياه را براي درمان درد مفصلها، سياتيک و سردرد تجويز مي کرده است. اين گياه در گذشته يک مسکن و بي حسي دهنده ي مجاز بوده و براي گرفتگيهاي دردناک عضلاني ناشي از اختلال دستگاه ادراري، آسم و هيستري استفاده ميشده و مقادير کم و مرتب آن براي بيخوابي، درد اعصاب و سردردهاي عصبي تجويز مي شده است .
به علت خطر ايجاد مسموميت، امروزه از آن به عنوان يک داروي خوراکي استفاده نمي شود. گفته شده که بنگ دانه يکي از اجزاي اصلي شراب جادوگران و همچنين جزئي از پمادي بوده است ک ساحران در مراسم جادوگري خود به مقدار زيادي استفاده مي کرده اند و حالت خيالبافي و تشنج را به وجود مي آورده اند. به دليل خواص تخديري، برگهاي آن را مثل سيگار مي کشيده اند که اغلب نتايج خطرناکي به دنبال داشته است. در سال 1910، قاتل مشهور انگليسي - دکتر کريپن - همسرش را با اين گياه مسموم کرد. خوکها با خوردن مقدار زيادي از اين گياه هم دچار هيچ عارضه اي نمي شوند و به همين دليل به اين گياه عنوان لوبياي خوک هم داده شده است .
انتشار جغرافيايي :
اين گياه در نواحي مرکزي ايران در اطراف تهران، در شمال کشور و در شمال غرب آن در منطقه آذربايجان يافت مي شود.
ترکيبات شيميايي :
اين گياه خصوصاً در دانه هايش حاوي مقادير فراوان از آلکالوئيد هاي مهم همچون هيوسيامين يا اسکوپولامين مي باشد که سمي بودن شديد اين گياه به دليل وجود همين آلکالوئيد مي باشد.
قسمت مورد استفاده :
برگ و دانه هاي گياه در طب گياهي مورد مصرف دارند.
اثرات دارويي و طرز استعمال :
1.به عنوان مسکن قوي : بذرلبنج به دليل داشتن آلکالوئيد هيوسين خاصيت آرام کننده سلسله دستگاه عصبي را دارد و از اين رو آن براي تسکين دردهاي شديد همچون دردهاي عصبي، درد مفاصل، رماتيسم و ... استفاده مي شود. اثر تسکين دهنده بذرالبنج به قدري زياد است که مي توان به جاي ترياک از آن استفاده نمود. در استعمال خارج برگ له شده بذرالبنج را به شکل ضماد در موضع درد قرار مي دهند و يا از جوشانهد دانه هاي آن در روغن استفاده مي شود. لازم به تذکر است به دليل زياد بذر البنج استفاده خوراکي از آن حتماً بياد تحت نظر پزشک انجام شود.
2.درمان ساه سرفه، سل و برونشيت : در درمان بيماري هاي تنفسي مصرف خوراکي اين گياه با رعايت احتياطات لازم توصيه مي گردد. در اين موارد مصرف 2/0 گرم گرد برگ بذرالبنج 3 بار در روز يا مصرف عصاره الکي برگ آن به مقدار 5/0 تا 1/0 گرم سفارش شده است.
گياه بومي اروپا مي باشد. ولي به کانادا، آمريکاي شمالي، آسياي غربي و تمام قسمتهاي جنوبي قاره هم برده شده است. بذرالبنج به طور خود رو در زمينهاي شخم نزده، سواحل شني کنار درياي و اطراف ساختمانهاي متروکه و کپه هاي آشغال و زباله مي رويد
کولپپر ادعا کرده است که اين گياه تحت نفوذ سياره ي زحل (کيوان) فرمانرواي استخوانها و اسکلت بندي انسان قرار دارد و برگ گياه را براي درمان درد مفصلها، سياتيک و سردرد تجويز مي کرده است. اين گياه در گذشته يک مسکن و بي حسي دهنده ي مجاز بوده و براي گرفتگيهاي دردناک عضلاني ناشي از اختلال دستگاه ادراري، آسم و هيستري استفاده ميشده و مقادير کم و مرتب آن براي بيخوابي، درد اعصاب و سردردهاي عصبي تجويز مي شده است .
به علت خطر ايجاد مسموميت، امروزه از آن به عنوان يک داروي خوراکي استفاده نمي شود. گفته شده که بنگ دانه يکي از اجزاي اصلي شراب جادوگران و همچنين جزئي از پمادي بوده است ک ساحران در مراسم جادوگري خود به مقدار زيادي استفاده مي کرده اند و حالت خيالبافي و تشنج را به وجود مي آورده اند. به دليل خواص تخديري، برگهاي آن را مثل سيگار مي کشيده اند که اغلب نتايج خطرناکي به دنبال داشته است. در سال 1910، قاتل مشهور انگليسي - دکتر کريپن - همسرش را با اين گياه مسموم کرد. خوکها با خوردن مقدار زيادي از اين گياه هم دچار هيچ عارضه اي نمي شوند و به همين دليل به اين گياه عنوان لوبياي خوک هم داده شده است .
انتشار جغرافيايي :
اين گياه در نواحي مرکزي ايران در اطراف تهران، در شمال کشور و در شمال غرب آن در منطقه آذربايجان يافت مي شود.
ترکيبات شيميايي :
اين گياه خصوصاً در دانه هايش حاوي مقادير فراوان از آلکالوئيد هاي مهم همچون هيوسيامين يا اسکوپولامين مي باشد که سمي بودن شديد اين گياه به دليل وجود همين آلکالوئيد مي باشد.
قسمت مورد استفاده :
برگ و دانه هاي گياه در طب گياهي مورد مصرف دارند.
اثرات دارويي و طرز استعمال :
1.به عنوان مسکن قوي : بذرلبنج به دليل داشتن آلکالوئيد هيوسين خاصيت آرام کننده سلسله دستگاه عصبي را دارد و از اين رو آن براي تسکين دردهاي شديد همچون دردهاي عصبي، درد مفاصل، رماتيسم و ... استفاده مي شود. اثر تسکين دهنده بذرالبنج به قدري زياد است که مي توان به جاي ترياک از آن استفاده نمود. در استعمال خارج برگ له شده بذرالبنج را به شکل ضماد در موضع درد قرار مي دهند و يا از جوشانهد دانه هاي آن در روغن استفاده مي شود. لازم به تذکر است به دليل زياد بذر البنج استفاده خوراکي از آن حتماً بياد تحت نظر پزشک انجام شود.
2.درمان ساه سرفه، سل و برونشيت : در درمان بيماري هاي تنفسي مصرف خوراکي اين گياه با رعايت احتياطات لازم توصيه مي گردد. در اين موارد مصرف 2/0 گرم گرد برگ بذرالبنج 3 بار در روز يا مصرف عصاره الکي برگ آن به مقدار 5/0 تا 1/0 گرم سفارش شده است.
احتياط : تمام قسمتهاي اين گياه سمي است.
زيستگاه طبيعي :گياه بومي اروپا مي باشد. ولي به کانادا، آمريکاي شمالي، آسياي غربي و تمام قسمتهاي جنوبي قاره هم برده شده است. بذرالبنج به طور خود رو در زمينهاي شخم نزده، سواحل شني کنار درياي و اطراف ساختمانهاي متروکه و کپه هاي آشغال و زباله مي رويد
also known by the scientific name of Hyoscyamus niger, is a member of the Nightshade family. It is acknowledged in ancient literature as “apollinarix,” the plant of the god Apollo. Dioscorides, the famous ancient Greek pharmacologist and botanist who wrote one of the most influential herbal books in history, a five volume set called “De Materia Medica” which laid the groundwork for all modern pharmacopeias, was familiar with the medicinal value of black henbane. Medieval Anglo-Saxon pharmacopeias touted the healing properties of the plant. It has also been suggested that henbane was the magic nepenthes in Homer’s Odyssey, the drug which Helen gave to Telemachus and his comrade to make them forget their grief. It is also suspected that henbane under the name of hyoskyamos was sacred to the goddess Persephone.
Black Henbane was used as a ritual plant by the pre-Indo-European peoples of central Europe. In Australia, handfuls of henbane seeds were discovered in a ceremonial urn along with bones and snail shells, dating back to the early Bronze Age. During the Paleolithic period, it has been speculated that henbane was used for ritual and shamanic purposes throughout Eurasia. When the Paleoindians migrated from Asia into the Americas, they brought with them their knowledge of the use of the plant. When they were unable to locate Hyoscyamus niger, they substituted the very similar and related tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum).
The Gauls of ancient Western Europe poisoned their javelins with a decoction of henbane. The plant’s name is derived form the Indo-European “bhelena” which is believed to have meant “crazy plant.” In the Proto-Germanic ancestral language of modern English and German, “bil” seems to have meant “vision” or “hallucination,” and also “magical power, miraculous ability.” There was even a goddess known as Bil, a name interpreted as “moment” or “exhaustion.” The goddess Bil is understood to be the image of the moon or one of the moon’s phases. She may have been the henbane fairy or the goddess of henbane, and it’s speculated that she may have even been the goddess of the rainbow; “Bil-röst” is the name of the rainbow bridge that leads to Asgard. “Bil” then would also be the original word for “heaven’s bridge.”
The Assyrians knew henbane by the name of sakiru. They used the plant as a medicine to treat a variety of ailments and they also would add it to beer as a way of making it more intoxicating. It was also used as a ritual incense made by combining black henbane with sulfur to protect the user from black magic. In ancient Persia, henbane was called bangha, a name that was subsequently used to describe hemp (Cannabis sativa) and other psychoactive plants. Persian sources site that henbane has had a religious significance throughout history, with many journeys to other worlds and visions being described, evoked by various henbane preparations.
King Vishstap, who is known historically as the protector of Zarathustra, imbibed a preparation of henbane and wine known as mang; it has also been speculated that the potion he drank was a mixture of haoma and henbane in wine. After drinking this concoction, he fell into a sleep so deep it seemed deathlike, lasting three days and three nights. During this time, his soul journeyed to the Upper Paradise. In Persian folklore, Viraz, another visionary, also made a three-day journey into other worlds by using a mixture of henbane and wine. As the story goes, at the end of the third night, “the soul of the righteous,” meaning Viraz, felt as if it were in the midst of plants, inhaling their heady scent, sensing an intensely fragranced breeze that blew in from the south. The soul of the righteous, Viraz, inhaled the wind through its nose and awoke enlightened.
The Celts consecrated black henbane, known to them as beleno, to Belenus, the god of oracles and the sun, when they would burn it as a fumigant in his honor. Henbane also appears to one of the most important ritual plants of the Vikings, since Iron Age Viking gravesites were found to contain hundreds of henbane seeds. An archeological dig of the ancient gravesite in Denmark yielded a significant artifact, a leather bag worn by the deceased woman which was filled with hundreds of henbane seeds.
The oldest enthohistorical evidence of the Germanic use of henbane as a magical plant can be found in the nineteenth book of the collection of church decrees, the German Book of Atonement. In one passage, the process of a henbane ritual is described in detail: Villagers gather together several girls and select from them one small beauty. They then disrobe her, and take her outside their settlement to a place where they can find “bilse,” which is henbane in German. The chosen girl pulls out the plant with the little finger of her right hand and it is tied to the small toe of her right foot. She then pulls the plant behind her to the river, as the other girls lead her there, each carrying a rod. The girls dip the rods in the river, then use them to sprinkle the young maiden with the river water, in hopes that they will cause rain through this magical process. It is believed that this ritual was associated with the Germanic god of thunder, Donar.
The beer of Donar the god of thunder was brewed with henbane, as he was considered an extremely enthusiastic drinker and very skilled at holding his liquor. As a result, henbane was in huge demand in Germany, although quite rare there as it was not indigenous. Therefore Germans planted henbane gardens specifically for using in brewing beer. The history of these sites where these gardens once stood is reflected in their modern day names, such as Bilsensee, Billendorf and Bilsengarten.
During the Middle Ages and the early modern period of Europe, henbane was associated with witchcraft and magic, in particular with oracles and love magic. It was believed that henbane smoke could make one invisible and that it was an ingredient in witches’ ointments. In modern occultism, henbane seeds are used as fumigants to conjure spirits and to summon the dead. The flowing recipe is for a fumigant used in occult rituals:
1 part fennel root/seeds (Foniculum vulgare)
1 part olibaum – (Boswellia scara)
4 parts henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
1 part coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum)
1 part cassia bark (Cinnamomum cassis)
One would take this incense into the black forest, light a black candle and set the incense vessel on a tree stump. The mixture would burn until the candle went out, and it was then that one could see the spirits of the dead.
In addition to its ritual significance, Hyoscyamus niger has significant medicinal importance as well. The use of henbane smoke to treat toothaches and asthma is widespread. In Darjeeling and Sikkim, henbane is used for these purposes, as well as to treat nervous disorders. The plant has also been used since ancient times to heal bones, as an analgesic and antispasmodic, and as a sedative and narcotic. In Nepal, the smoke of the leaves is used to treat asthma and in traditional Chinese medicine, the smoke of Chinese henbane seeds is inhaled in treatments for coughs, bronchial asthma, rheumatism and stomach aches. In homeopathic medicine, it is well known to be an effective treatment for anxiety, agitation, unease, insomnia and spasmodic digestive disorders.
The principal alkaloid of henbane is hyoscyamine, but the more hallucinogenic scopolamine is also present in significant amounts, along with several other alkaloids in smaller concentrations.
Henbane is one of 20 species of Hyoscyamus, members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. They are native to Europe, northern Africa, and western and central Asia.Medicinal Action and Uses---Antispasmodic, hypnotic, mild diuretic. The leaves have long been employed as a narcoticmedicine. It is similar in action to belladonna and stramonium, though milder in its effects. The drug combines the therapeutic actions of its two alkaloids, Hyoscyamine and Hyoscine. Because of the presence of the former, it tends to check secretion and to relax spasms of the involuntary muscles, while through the narcotic effects of its hyoscine it lessens pain and exercises a slight somnifacient action.
Its most important use is in relief of painful spasmodic affections of the unstriped muscles, as in lead colic and irritable bladder. It will also relieve pain in cystitis.
It is much employed to allay nervous irritation, in various forms of hysteria or irritable cough, the tincture or juice prepared from the bruised, fresh leaves and tops being given in mixtures as an antispasmodic in asthma.
Combined with silver nitrate, it is especially useful in the treatment of gastric ulcer and chronic gastric catarrh.
It is used to relieve the griping caused by drastic purgatives, and is a common ingredient of aperient pills, especially those containing aloes and colocynth.
In small repeated doses Henbane has been found to have a tranquillizing effect upon persons affected by severe nervous irritability, producing a tendency to sleep, not followed by the disorder of the digestive organs and headache, which too frequently result from the administration of repeated doses of opium, to which Henbane is often preferred when an anodyne or sedative is required. The comparatively small amount of atropine present does not give rise to the excitation and delirium occasioned by belladonna. It is, therefore, used in insomnia, especially when opium cannot be given. Except for this, it acts like atropine.
A watery solution of the extract applied to the eye has a similar effect to that of atropine, in dilating the pupil and thus preparing the eye for an operation, or assisting the cure of its internal inflammation. This dilution leaves no injurious effect afterwards.
In the form of extract or tincture, it is a valuable remedy, either as an anodyne, a hypnotic or a sedative, and will take effect when other drugs fail. When used for such a purpose, it is the active principle, Hyoscine, that is employed. This is very powerful - only a very small amount is used, from 1/200 to 1/70 of a grain of the Hydrobromate of Hyoscine. This drug comes under Table I of the Poisons Schedule. In poisonous doses Henbane in any form causes dimness of sight, faintness, delirium, and sometimes death.
Hyoscine, in combination with other drugs, has of late come into use in the treatment known as Twilight Sleep. This is on account of its sedative action on brain and spine, causing loss of recollection and insensibility. Hyoscine is also used to a considerable extent in asylum practice, for the treatment of acute mania and delirium tremens.
A sedative application for external use is prepared by macerating Henbane leaves in alcohol, mixing the strong tincture with olive oil and heating in a water-bath, until the alcohol is dissipated. A compound liniment of Henbane, when applied to the skin, is of great service for relieving obstinate rheumatic pains.
The fresh leaves, crushed and applied as a poultice, or fomentation, will similarly relieve local pains of gout or neuralgia. They have been employed also to allay pain in cancerous ulcers, irritable sores and swellings, but their use for this purpose is of doubtful real advantage, and seems only a palliative. The extract, in form of suppositories, is also frequently used to alleviate the pain of haemorrhoids.
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