2011/05/03

salvia divinorum سال ویا دیوانوریوم گیاه از تیره مریم گلی


Salvia divinorum is a soft-leaved green plant, native to Southern Mexico, which contains a powerful psychoactive chemical known as Salvinorin. S. divinorum has been used traditionally in Mexico for healing and divination and became available in the underground psychedelic culture around the world starting in the early 1990's. S. divinorum is also known as "la pastora" / "the shepherdess", "the leaves of the shepherdess", "diviner's mint" or "diviner's sage", and in context simply as "Salvia". There are many species and varieties within the genus 'Salvia' and plants commonly found in garden stores are almost certainly not S. divinorum unless specifically labeled as such.

Strong effects can be difficult to attain from smoking dried leaf, but extracts and potency-bred leaves can cause dramatic, sometimes frightening, and completely enfolding entheogenic mind-states. Many people who try S. divinorum do not find the effects at all pleasant and choose not to repeat the experience. Salvia divinorum is traditionally used by chewing pairs of leaves. Modern use includes both smoking and chewing the leaves. When the leaves are chewed, the quid and bitter juice are held in the mouth to increase absorption.
Dose Many people find it difficult to achieve full effects by smoking dried Salvia divinorum leaves. Those who are successful generally require multiple large hits off a pipe or bong. Typical smoked doses with plain leaf are between 0.2 to 0.5 gram, about one large, dried leaf. For sublingual consumption, a typical dosage range is 10-50 grams of fresh (wet) leaf, approximately equal to 6 to 30 leaves, or 2-10 grams of dried leaf, usually reconstituted before consumption.
Addiction Potential 
Salvia divinorum is not known to be either physically addicting or likely to cause psychological dependence. Withdrawal effects following discontinuation have not been reported. As with most substances, some people will use it more frequently than they are comfortable with. There appears to be no tolerance with Salvinorin-A, so an experience can be extended or amplified by smoking more.
Well, I've decided this would be a good place for some thoughts on drug use. After all this is a site about opinions. A drug that has recently been in the news is salvia divinorum. Now by "drug" I mean a substance that when consumed has a physical and mental effects. Salvia divinorum is a plant that grows in cloud forests of southern Mexico. It has been used for quite some time by mystics of the area to connect with what they perceived to be the spiritual world. It is a heavily psychedelic plant. A user will often have an out of body experience. They will feel no connection to a body, and will find themselves in an entirely psychedelic realm. In this realm revelations about one's self and the universe are revealed to the user. This plant is in the news because a video of Miley Cyrus using it at a party were released. Before this video the plant made it into the news because people were using the substance and taking videos of it. These people would often try to perform activities while under the influence of salvia. This is giving salvia a bad name, because one effect of the plant is a complete loss of motor skills. This is a part of the out of body experience. The effects last for approximately five to ten minutes max. This plant should not be feared, but it should not be mistaken for a recreational drug. The main reason this drug should not be used as a purely recreational drug is that it is not euphoric. Most drugs create at least some feeling of happiness in the user. Salvia does not. This causes it to be a very intense experience. This is why the shaman used it to connect with the "spirit world" and "god." Miley Cyrus says in the video "I think I'm having kind of a bad trip." Well that is because this drug doesn't create any feelings of happiness. To illustrate this point I will describe my very first salvia divinorum experience. I took two hits and then the onset was sudden. I found myself no longer connected to my body, I was not aware of it. Above me there was a plain of light. Below this plane there was darkness. I felt myself being pulled towards this darkness. I strongly resisted, because I left I needed to stay by this light and not fall into the darkness or I would no longer exist. Along the border between the dark and light there was a rotating border. It was quite loud. I stayed there, struggling not to fall, for approximately eight minutes. I soon felt a connection to my body, and I could see the other two people in the room when I leaned forward. When I leaned back in the couch, I could see where I had come from and still left like I was being pulled backward, so I stayed with my body observing this place. Eventually I was fully back in the room. While I was there I had forgotten about the fact that I had taken salvia. I felt this was the reality. This is why this is not a party drug. It was a very intense experience with no feeling of euphoria. This experience has been quite useful to me though. I often find myself reflecting on that first trip, and wishing I had allowed myself to fall. I should have let go and experienced what could have been experienced (the concrete lessons I will keep to myself, those are quite personal and you will find in many psychedelic studies volunteers are quite reluctant to give up their personal revelations). This plant should never be consumed at a party. It is what is referred to as a "vision quest herb." This plant is legal in most states, but there has been a push to ban its use. Why? Because of people like Miley Cyrus are giving it a bad name. But thats not the only reason. People today an innate fear of psychedelic drugs. I'm sure my description of my experience with salvia invoked a few people to think "well that shouldn't be legal!" This fear of psychedelics is something that comes from a lack of experience with psychedelics. Today psychedelics are not nearly as common as they once were, and propaganda has become widespread. Psychedelic drugs are not something we discuss often in our culture. There is a push to make salvia illegal. This is an infringement on the right's of every individual in this country. Salvia divinorum is quite useful for those of us who enjoy the occasional foray into the psychedelic. Don't judge salvia by these morons who use one of the most "spiritual" drugs on earth for a party drug.
سال ویا   دیوانوریومsalvia divinorum
سال ویا که درایران به ان سالویا نیز گفته می شود یگ گیاه مخدر از دسته مواد مخدر توهم زا است .این گیاه از تیره مریم کلی است .
زادگاه بومی آن کشور مکزیک است .
این ماده که از زمان آزتک ها در بین سرخئوپوستان استفاده می شده است یکی از مواد توهم زای بسیاز قوی است .
این گیاه در نواحی کوهستانی و بارانی رشد می نماید .
شمن (جادوگران)سرخئوپوست آنرا در مراسم های مذهبی خود استفاده می کردند .
سالویا امروز در بین جوانان امریکایی طرفداران زیادی دارد .
جین باست جانسون اولین کسی بود که در سال
1939 در ضمن پژوهش درباره شمن ها به این ماده اشاره کرد .
این ماده ایجاد توهم شدید می کند که می توان انرا با توهم ال اس دی برابردانست .در بقیه گروه سالویا نیز می توان موادمخدر توهم زا را به مقدار کمتر از نوع دیوانوریوم یافت
پراکنش و نیازهای اکولوژیکی
مریم گلی بومی مناطق شمال مدیترانه است و این گیاه بومی کشورمان نیست ولی بخاطر اهمیت دارویی اش در کشورمان کشت و کار می شود. مریم گلی گیاهی است که به گرما و هوای خشک برای رشد مطلوب نیاز دارد.


کاشت، داشت و برداشت
تکثیر این گیاه بوسیله ی بذر یا از طریق تقسیم بوته امکان پذیر است و برای این کار معمولا در روش کشت مستقیم بذور را در اواخر آبان ماه در ردیف هایی با فاصله ی 50 سانتی متر و با فاصله ی 50 سانتی متر از هم کشت می نمایند. کشت غیر مستقیم بذور در اوایل بهار با استفاده از خزانه هوای آزاد صورت می گیرد. نشاهای حاصل را در اوایل پائیز به زمین اصلی منتقل می نماییم. تکثیر این گیاه از طریق تقسیم بوته در مورد گیاهان 3 تا 4 ساله در فصل پائیز قابل انجام می باشد.

برداشت شامل چیدن برگ ها یا قطع پیکر رویشی گیاه است که از سال دوم به بعد می توان 2 تا 3 مرتبه این عمل را انجام داد.

2011/05/01

Morning Gloryگل نیلوفر پیچ


Traditionally used in divination. In Oaxaca, in Southern Mexico the seeds of this vine are esteemed as one of the principal hallucinogens for use in divination as well as magico-religious and curing rituals.
Ipomea violacea seeds give a quiet, dreamy and trippy experience, a clear mind and an heightened sensitivity to light and sounds. The seeds of some varieties contain LSA (D-lysergic acid amide) and can cause visual and perceptual effects similar to LSD. LSA containing varieties include Heavenly Blue, Flying Saucers, and Pearly Gates.
While morning-glory seeds may be ground and brewed into tea or taken intravenously, the common method of ingestion is by thorough t chewing. This action, before swallowing, permits the seed 's psychoactive chemicals to be easily absorbed by the body. 3 to 10 grams of seeds are thoroughly chewed and swallowed or may be thoroughly ground and soaked in a cup water for half an hour, strained and drunk.





در اسطورهای مصر چهار پسر هوروس روی یک نیلوفر روبروی ازیریس ایستاده اند. گل نیلوفر به عنوان نشانه ایزیس مظهر باروری و پاکی و بکارت است.رع خورشید خدا و آفریننده مصری به صورت کودکی مصور شده که برروی گل آرمیده است یا سر او از گل نیلوفر بیرون می‌آید. نیلوفر نشانه مصر علیا بود. سر ستون‌های معابد مصری رابه گونه ای می‌آراستند که نیلوفر را بر روی آنها به صورت غنچه و گاه گشوده حجاری می‌کردند. در فرهنگ هندی گل نیلوفر، گلی است از خود به وجود آمده و نامیراست و نماد جهان به شمار می‌رود. گاهی کوه مرو به مفهوم محور جهان در مرکز ان تصویر شده است. چاکراها به شکل نیلوفر‌هایی تصویر می‌شوند که با نماد چرخ مرتبطند هنگامی ‌که این مرکز چاکراها بیدار شوند نیلوفرها باز می‌شوند و می‌چرخند. لوتوس نام یکی از حرکات یوگا است. در اسطوره‌های هندی با سه خدای اصلی مواجه می‌شویم که عبارتند از برهما (خدای افریننده) ویشنو (خدای نگهدارنده) و شیوا (خدای نابودکننده). در یک اسطوره متاخر که در ریگ ودا به آن اشاره شده است آمده که چگونه کیهان از نیلوفری زرین که بر روی آبهای کیهانی در حرکت بوده به وجود آمده و از آن برهما متولد شد. هنگامی ‌که مراسم او جای خود را به مراسم ویشنو داد وی رابعدها به صورتی مجسم کردند که بر روی گل نیلوفری که از ناف ویشنو می‌روید نشسته است. یک الهه هندویی به نام پادماپانی وجود دارد که به معنی زنی است که نیلوفر دردست دارد. لاکشمی ‌همسر ویشنو و پارواتی همسر شیوا هم با نیلوفر در ارتباط هستند. در هندوستان که رود برایشان خیلی اهمیت دارد الهه‌های رودگاهی بر روی نیلوفر سوارند.
در فرهنگ ایران باستان هم گل نیلوفر را در تخت جمشید و در نقش برجسته‌های آن مشاهده می‌کنیم. در حجاری‌های طاق بوستان کرمانشاه هم گل نیلوفر مربوط به زمان ساسانیان دیده می‌شود. ظاهرا گلی که در دستان پادشاهان حجاری شده در تخت جمشید دیده می‌شود نماد صلح و شادی بوده است. از انجا که این گل با اب درارتباط است نماد آناهیتا ایزد بانوی آب‌های روان است





Although there is much controversy regarding the place Morning Glories hold in Shamanic tradition, there is plenty of relatively undocumented evidence that points to extensive ritualistic use by at least the Aztecs. From our extensive travels to the regions where this plant still exists in its natural habitat, we have uncovered a history that is never recorded in traditional accounts of Aztec culture, including their reverence for many entheogens besides the sacred Morning Glory.

In fact, it turns out that they incorporated many psychoactive and visionary herbs into their religious rituals. A few key examples include Pulque, which is made from fermented Agave sap, Peyote Buttons (as do the Native American Indians), Datura flowers and seeds (which we have personally seen growing on the mountains of Machu Picchu), psilocybin, Black Nightshade, Shamanic Tobacco, and, yes; Morning Glory Seeds. In fact, the use of Morning Glory in Shamanic and ritualistic tradition extends throughout Mexico as the natives in Mexico in the Oaxaca region (famous for Maria Sabina's mushroom cults and the now infamous Salvia divinorum, Rivea corymbosa, and Calea Zacatechichi) believe that a powerful deity lives within the seeds.

Since ingestion of these sacred botanicals has been deemed illegal in most parts of the world (a strange coincidence that powerful and dangerous psychoactives such as alcohol and tobacco are completely legal to ingest), we offer these botanical specimens as viable seeds for your own Shaman's Garden. They are easy to cultivate, and will practically grow themselves, year after year, regardless of climate. There is much more information in the Ipomoea violacea - Morning Glory article at Entheology.org.





PREPARATION : BEST METHOD
Q. How do you prepare morning glory seeds to best activate their psychedelic properties?

A. Here is a simple way to process morning glory seeds which produces the best possible results as well:

  • Equipment:
    • Coffee Grinder or equivalent to powder seeds
    • 2 Jars with Lids
    • 1 Coffee Filter or Funnel
    • Coffee Filters or Filter Paper
  • Chemical/Biological:
    • Morning Glory Seeds (1 seed = ~ 1 ug) (50-500 ug=1 dose)
    • Petroleum Ether
    • Ethanol-based liquid suitable for human consumption in approximate order of preference:
        Reagent Grade Ethanol
      • EverClear or similiar substance
      • 100 Proof or better vodka or gin
      • 151 Proof rum
      • other beverages 80 proof or better
        - or -
      • Water-based beverages (not preferred (nausea))
  • Processing Methodology:
    1. If using treated seeds wash thoroughly in detergent and cold water first.
    2. Grind seeds to powder in coffee grinder
    3. Place powder in jar with a "healthy" qty of petroleum ether.
      (~360-500 ml/500 seeds (can't use too much, can use too little))
    4. Put lid on jar and shake it vigorously for a while. Let stand 20 minutes (you can shake it more if you like)
    5. Shake jar, remove lid, and pour suspension into filter (with filter paper in place). Use second jar to catch the petroleum ether than comes through the filter paper. (Windows should be open or do this outside otherwise you will get prematurely in a non-canonical fashion). If some seed powder clings to the side of the jar, rinse it out with some of the filtered ether. When finished, you will have slightly discolored petroleum ether in a jar and the powder on the filter paper.
    6. *** DO NOT DRINK THE PETROLEUM ETHER ***. Put the lid on that jar and save it to reuse next time (you can get at least five processing cycles out of it). Dry the seed powder THOROUGHLY. Wash and dry the empty jar.
    7. When powder is thoroughly dry, place it back in the jar and add alcohol. The amount of alcohol is critical, since you will be drinking it later, and will vary according to your propensities, tolerances, and the intended intensity of your proposed voyage. For light, recreational use, assuming reasonable alcohol tolerance use 1 oz. of alcohol per 30-50 seeds. For intense meditation use 1 /250 seeds. If you use a high seed/alcohol ratio you will want to prepare a large number of seeds at a time otherwise you will be working with micro-quantities and it gets more tedious (unless you like that sort of thing).
    8. Soak the seed powder in the alcohol, shaking frequently, for three days.
    9. Filter again, as before. Discard the seed powder (unless you wish to make 'soap'). Keep the alcohol for use.
    10. Drink the alcohol to achieve desired effect. 
    11. OPERATIONAL METHODOLOGY
      Q. Why is this method superior to others?

      A. The virtue of this processing methodology will become clear if you sip a bit and hold it in your mouth before swallowing. VOILA: Instant Experience! No wait, no wondering "Did I do enough?". Because lysergic acid amides are soluble in ethanol, and because ethanol passes through mucus membranes directly to the blood stream, the effect is virtually instantaneous. Because of this, you can carefully meter the intensity of your experience in the same way you can with hemp.

      Q. How long will the experience last?

      A.Your voyage will last the standard 8-12 hours. The morning glory experience is clean, pure, intense and particularly enjoyable out of doors in the daytime (drink at dawn). This is the preferred hour for the f
    12. These untreated Flying Saucer variety of Morning Glory seeds provide fast growing vines to 15 ft. with huge 5" blooms of pure white brushed with lavender-lilac to blue in a pinwheel pattern. Lush, tropical-like foliage provide a nice variety to the usual "Heavenly Blues" that most morning glory fans are familiar with. Generations of Aztecs and natives in Mexico (Oaxaca region) reportedly believe that a deity lives within the seeds and they may not only have held Morning Glory quite sacred as a result, there's evidence that they may have used them ritualistically as well.

      Today, the "Flying Saucers" variety is the rarest Morning Glory variety, and they are grown as a climbing vine with beautiful flowers. Seeds are organically grown and harvested.  A great addition to any Shaman's Garden; these seeds can even be planted in cold climates as they will overwinter and grow a entirely new crop year after year.

Apologies :
My apologies to the many who wrote requesting the location of the Morning Glory FAQ Part II or an emailed copy of it. Although I promised it a month after the publication of Part I, I ultimately decided not to write it. It concerned ritualistic and shamanic aspects of preparation and use evolved over several years of working with this and other herbs. After reading the various responses to Part I and the email I subsequently received regarding it, this information did not seem suitable for this segment of the internet community.

New Questions since Part I
To those who asked about removing the alcohol prior to consumption, ethyl vs. methyl alcohol, and the use of water as a solvent, RTF.

To those who asked about the availability of petroleum ether, I cannot help unless you have access to a chemical supplier. Most products labeled "Naptha" are poor substitutes for what I used to purchase from chemical supply houses as "Petroleum Ether". They do remove the toxic oils from the seed coat but also appear to dissolve some of the lysergic acid as well. These products include Zippo lighter fluid and Coleman fuel. Seeds processed with these solvents produce a very weak brew. Some brands of Naphtha report that they are fairly pure, Ronsonal lighter fluid reports that it is "100% Naphtha" and VM&P Naphtha (Varnish Maker's & Painters) also claims to be "pure" naphtha. If one is going to ingest the resulting product, it is important to verify that the naphtha evaporates completely and does not leave a residue in whatever procedure one is using.

Technically speaking, petroleum "ether" is not an ether at all, which is essentially an organic oxide just as an alcohol is an organic base. Ethers in general are highly volatile compounds and come in the usual methyl, ethyl, butyl, etc. flavors. Petroleum ether, on the other hand, is the most volatile product produced through catalytic cracking in the process used to make gasoline, jet fuel, kerosine, and other petroleum products. The process is fractional distillation. Fractional distillation involves introducing a gaseous mixture of related compounds, in this case petroleum compounds into a cooling mechanism, in this case a cracking tower. As the gaseous products cool progressively, they liquify earlier or later depending on volatility. By controlling the rate of flow through the cooling mechanism and drawing off the liquid at specific locations along it, it is possible to separate compounds which are otherwise miscible. You can use the same process to separate methyl (wood) alcohol which is poisonous from ethyl (grain) alcohol which is also poisonous, but less so. "Petroleum ether" is the product drawn off from the top of the cracking tower. Reagent grade petroleum ether appears to be significant more volatile than "naptha" which is also drawn off the top of the tower and marketed as Zippo lighter fluid, Coleman fuel, and white gas. Perhaps reagent grade is subjected to a second distillation or perhaps is simply a more narrowly-defined drawoff. It is definitely a different animal.

In practical terms, if you examine the effect of the solvent being used for "petroleum ether" in this process on the seed meal, you will observe the following: After shaking the mixture well, Zippo lighter fluid and other substitutes will retain a brownish color. Some substitutes will also exhibit the same kind of "tendrils" that appear when you dissolve the meal in water. Reagent grade petroleum ether will remain clear after shaking and the meal will fall immediately to the base of the jar. Nothing will remain in suspension. When you filter the seed meal after soaking in reagent grade petroleum ether, the filtration process is nearly instaneous and the seed meal will retain its appearance as separate grains throughout. With substitute products, this filtration process takes several minutes to half and hour. The seed meal is "gummy" afterward and much harder to dry.
At this point it is pretty clear, that attempts to substitute Zippo, Coleman fuel, or other products marketed as "naptha" will not produce an active brew. This seems to explain some of the poor results reported in alt.drugs.

An alternative processing method occured to me since writing the FAQ in light of the apparent current difficulty in obtaining petroleum ether:


  1. Proceed with a water extraction from the seed meal: Soak the meal in water and then filter off the water with a coffee filter, discarding the filter and solid matter, keeping the water.

  2. Evaporate all the water until only a brown sludge remains. Do this maintaining the lowest possible temperature since lysergic compounds break down at relatively low temperatures. If you have access to a vacuum pump, use it. If you can perform this processing 5-10,000 feet above sea level or higher, do so. Otherwise, try blowing a fan across a flat pan such as a cookie sheet or pizza pan.

  3. When only sludge remains, redissolve it in alcohol, perform any shamanic rituals desired with this material, then filter again and drink.
This process will preserve the "instant high" effect of the process described in the FAQ without incurring the "fish-eye" toxic side-effect.

  
CHEMICAL HYPOTHESIS AND ALTERNATIVE PREPARATIONS
Q. I tried morning glory seeds and only got a headache and blurred vision.
Q. I tried morning glory seeds and got sick to my stomach
Q. What do you know about this anyway?

A.My personal experience with morning glory seeds began in June of 1958, the day I graduated from eighth grade. Herb Caen had written something to the effect that "If you eat 100 morning glory seeds, you will go to morning glory heaven. Heavenly Blues, Pearly Gates, and Flying Saucers will do the trick.." A friend of mine had read this and invited a bunch of people to her house to try it out. I was the only person who managed to eat a full hundred, but probably didn't chew them enough and had only mild effects. Since then I have tried many ways of preparing them, and this is far and away the best. There are a number of approaches that are downright horrible.

Based on my experiences I believe the following to be true (though am wide-open to getting "scientific"/factual refutation/corroboration. In addition to the lysergic amides present in the seeds, there are two chemicals or chemical complexes which are toxic. One of these, relatively mild, is associated with nausea and is contained in the seed pulp. This is soluble in water and will form long 'strands' in it which are clearly visible. This material can be processed into a kind of 'soap' which lathers somewhat. It is not soluble in alcohol nor petroleum ether. This is evidenced by soaking the spent powder in water.

A second chemical or complex is much more malicious. Ingesting it results in headache, blurred and 'fish-eye' vision, and it also seems to counteract the psychedelic effect. For lack of a better term with the expectation that it is chemically non-descriptive, we will call this the 'strychnine effect' and the associated compound(s) the 'strychnine factor'. This factor is contained in the seed husk and is miscible with petroleum ether but only slightly soluble in water. If you chew the seeds you break the husk but do not usually chew it well enough to digest. Same thing if you pulverize the seeds with a hammer or similiar instrument before eating or swallowing. In both cases, the 'strychnine effect' is not observed except as background. However the high is not as lucid and bright as when the factor is removed. On the other hand, if you grind the seeds into powder and do not remove the 'styrchnine factor' with petroleum ether (or other solvent(?)) but ingest the powder itself, you will experience the 'strychnine effect' in great and unpleasant intensity. If you put the powder in water, filter the water, and drink it (effectively the traditional method for indigenous peoples), the nausea factor will be pronounced, but the 'strychnine effect' will be weak.

The only approach that effectively eliminates both side-effects is the one described above. The additional benefits provided by this method beyond the immediate high effect will be discussed in Part 2.0.0 of this FAQ.

جنبه تقدس نیلوفر به محیط آبی آن بر می‌گردد. زیرا آب نماد باستانی اقیانوس کهنی بود که کیهان از آن آفریده شده است. نیلوفر که بر روی سطح آب در حرکت بود به مثابه زهدان آن به شمار می‌رفت. از آنجا که گل نیلوفر در سپیده دم باز و در هنگام غروب بسته می‌شود به خورشید شباهت دارد. خورشید خود منبع الهی حیات است و از این رو گل نیلوفر مظهر تجدید حیات شمسی به شمار می‌رفت. پس مظهر همه روشنگری‌ها آفرینش باروری تجدید حیات و بی‌مرگی است.
نیلوفر نماد کمال است. زیرا برگ‌ها گل‌ها و میوه اش دایره ای شکلند. ود ایره خود از این جهت که کامل‌ترین شکل است نماد کمال به شمار می‌آید. نیلوفر یعنی شکفتن معنوی. زیرا ریشه‌هایش در لجن است و با این حال به سمت بالا و آسمان می‌روید از آبهای تیره خارج می‌شود و گل‌هایش زیر نور خورشید و روشنایی آسمان رشد می‌کنند.
 نیلوفر کمال زیبایی نیز به شمار می‌رود. ریشه‌های نیلوفر مظهر ماندگاری و ساقه اش نماد بند ناف است که انسان را به اصلش پیوند می‌دهد و گلش پرتو خورشید را تداعی می‌کند. نیلوفر نماد انسان فوق العاده یا تولد الهی است زیرا بدون هیچ ناپاکی از آبهای گل الود خارج می‌شود.
در فرهنگ آشوری فینیقی و در هنر یونانی رومی‌ نیلوفر به معنی تدفین و مجلس ترحیم و نشانگر مرگ و تولد دوباره رستاخیز و زندگی بعدی و نیروهای نوزایی طبیعت است. نیلوفر در اسطوره‌های یونانی و رومی ‌علامت مشخصه افرردیت- ونوس است. در فرهنگ بودایی ظهور بودا به صورت شعله صادره از نیلوفر تصویر می‌شود. گاهی بودا را می‌بینیم که در یک نیلوفر کاملا شکفته به تخت نشسته است. در حقیقت در تعلیمات بودایی نیلوفر تا حد زیادی در قلمرو ماوراالطبیعه وارد می‌شود. در معابد بودایی نقش نیلوفر  وجود دارد و نیلوفر جزو هشت علامت فرخندگی در کف پای بودا است. در فرهنگ چینی نماد پاکی حفاظت ظرافت روحانی صلح باروری و تجسم زنانه است و علامت تابستان نیز می‌باشد. چینی‌ها گل نیلوفر را مظهر گذشته حال و آینده می‌دانند. زیرا گیاهی است که در یک غنچه گل می‌دهد و دانه می‌کند. همین طور نماد نجابت است به این دلیل که از آبهای آلوده بیرون می‌آید اما آلودگی را نمی‌پذیرد.

MORNING GLORY WINE
Q. Is there anything else you can do with morning glories?

A. The flowers of the morning glory may be steeped in water for a week or two to produce a mildly alcoholic wine with a distinctively pleasant flavor and very mild psychedelic effect, on the order of hemp. Once again herbs and/or honey can be added to good effect.






نیلوفر کمال زیبایی نیز به شمار می‌رود. ریشه‌های نیلوفر مظهر ماندگاری و ساقه اش نماد بند ناف است که انسان را به اصلش پیوند می‌دهد و گلش...
گل نیلوفر و نماد آن در دنیای باستان شرق نقش بارزی داشته است، از حجاری‌های تخت جمشید تا کنده کاری‌های طاق بستان ارتباط شگفت انگیزی با این گل دیده می‌شود.
نام گل نیلوفر در زبان سانسکریت پادما در زبان چینی لی ین هوا به زبان ژاپنی رنگه و در زبان انگلیسی لوتوس است نیلوفر درشرق باستان همان قدر اهمیت دارد که گل رز در غرب.
درسده هشتم پیش از میلاد تصویر نیلوفر احتمالا از مصر به فینیقیه و از آنجا به سرزمین آشور و ایران انتقال یافت و در این سرزمین‌ها گاهی جانشین درخت مقدس بوده است. الهه‌های فینیقی به عنوان قدرت آفریننده خود گل نیلوفر در دست دارند. این گیاه درمصر باستان و در بسیاری از بخش‌های آسیا مورد پرستش بود.

Erythroxylum coca کوکا - منبع آلکالوئید کوکائین

Coca (Erythroxylum coca), the source of the alkaloid cocaine, is a small tree native to moist tropical montane regions of Peru, Bolivia, and, possibly, Ecuador. This plant was an essential part of early civilizations in northwestern South America. Traditionally the user made a ball-like quid with a coca leaf, added a paste of lime (ground rock or seashells) or alkaline ashes (e.g., from stems of Chenopodium quinoa), and then placed the quid in the cheek, where saliva would flow over the coca and trickle down the throat. A user could be identified by the bulge in the cheek. The presence of an alkali helped to release the alkaloids from the leaf--the origin of crack cocaine in today's society. In the mouth, the coca leaf was never chewed, although coca is sometimes called a masticatory.

Evidence that coca leaves were used dates back to 3000 B.C. Telltale signs include figurines of coca chewers (coqueros) and ceramic lime pots from the Valdiva culture of coastal Ecuador. Coca ceramics have been found from the upper river valleys of Peru from 1900-1750 B.C. In Ecuador at 500 B.C., the Carchi tribes made ceramics of coqueros and had small lime or ash containers (iscupurus). In the region of Nazca, Peru, mummies almost 2000 years old were found with bags of coca leaves (chuspas) around their necks. Therefore, the coca-leaf culture was well established before the Inca rule began in Peru, even though the Incas invented legends how the coca tradition began with the origin of their relatively recent culture, e.g., from the body parts of the adulteress Mama Coca.
It is from the Incas that we have the most useful information about the history of coca use. Here, as probably earlier, coca was a symbol of royalty, and its use was officially restricted to male royalty and nobility, religious priests, and shamans. There are accounts that coca was used for treating the sick, both for diagnosis and therapy, and being used for pains from toothaches to malaria. Sometime during the Inca rule, coca use was granted to yaravecs, court orators, who under the influence would recite the Inca history using a quipo, a string with knots. Likewise, coca was offered to young nobles during manhood initiation rites. Young maidens would give runners coca and chicha to make them race faster. Rarely in Inca society, human sacrifices were offered to the sun, and the victim was given large doses of coca beforehand; if the victim perceived coca on his lips just at the time of death, he would go to paradise. It does not appear that in Inca society coca was used casually.
One famous fan of cocaine use was Sigmund Freud. In 1884 Freud was in search of fame as a struggling doctor and wanted a cure for nervous exhaustion and morphine addiction. He found that cocaine relieved his own chronic depression and wrote a series of papers on cocaine, praising its results as a "magical drug," superior to morphine. Years later he backed off from his former praises. Freud was also a catalyst for a great medical development; in 1884 he asked Dr. Karl Koller of Vienna to work with coca leaves. Koller was an ophthalmologist, and he was looking for something to use during eye operations. Freud recommended cocaine as a local anesthetic, because it could numb the tongue. Koller soon discovered that cocaine hydrochloride was a successful eye anesthetic and also fine for surgery of the ear, nose, and throat. In 1885 Wilhelm Filehne showed that atropine has a chemical structure close to that of cocaine, and atropine became the anesthesia of choice. Nonetheless, interest in cocaine had opened research on this class of medical chemicals.
Some physicians question the classification of cocaine as a narcotic, because it has exactly opposite characteristics of opium. Cocaine produces intense euphoria and short-term hallucinations; there is apparently no true physical addiction or physical withdrawal symptoms from the milder, standard cocaine, although persons are psychologically addicted and have intense cravings for the drug. However, the reintroduction of Crack (quicklime added, as in ancient times), was very dangerous and physically addictive. Cocaine is snorted or sniffed generally through the nose and is absorbed through the nasal epithelium. This ruins nasal tissues and causes increases in heart rate and blood pressure as well as a rise in body temperature. Several synthetic cocaine-like substances are used in medicine and dentistry, including procaine or Novocaine and Lidocaine.

For best results use a propagator with soil heating. Adjust the soil heating to 28 Celsius this is the optimum temperature to germinate cocaseeds. Next fill the propagator with Amazonian remix soil or special seedling soil PH 5-6 EC O,5 mS
Spread the seeds over the soil and cover them up with 1 cm of soil. Now spray the soil with luke warm water but don’t make the soil to wet otherwise the seeds will rot or mould. Place the bonnet on the propagator and leave the ventilationshaft open so that some air and moisture can escape from the propagator, but not to much.
It will take 3-6 weeks before the first sprouts apear. Meanwhile spray the soil with water on a regular basis to prevent it from drying out. As long ass no seeds have been germinated the propagator can stand in the dark. As soon as the first seedling apears it is necessary to give light but not to bright , direct sunlight is a killer for seedlings. preferable use a Fluorescent lighting tube collor code 33 and give the seedlings 18 hours of light. Keep the light tube at a distance of 30 cm. The seedlings will thrive very well under a fluorescent lighting tube without any danger of burning. Young cocaplants need a higher air humidity. Keep the air humidity in the propagator around 80%. For the first three month’s it is necessary to leave the bonnet on the propagator. Let the young plants get used to a lower air humidity,it is necessary to lift the bonnet for a few minutes and extent this time every day. After aproximatly a month your plants will be used to a lower air humidity. This is the time to transplant to a bigger pot.  
گياه كوكا چيست؟
    كوكا پرمنفعت ترين محصول و فعاليت اقتصادي در بوليوي طي دهه 1980 بود كه برگ هايش به صورت مخفيانه، تبديل به ماده ي مخدر كوكا مي شد. اين كشور در اواخر 1980، دومين كشت كننده كوكا در جهان بود كه تقريبا 15 درصد بازار قاچاق كوكائين ايالات متحده را در دست داشت. تحليل گران بر اين باورند كه صادرات كوكائين يا خمير آن در دهه ي 1980، بسته به قيمت و بازدهي درآمد، سالانه بين 600 ميليون تا 1 بيليون دلار درآمد ايجاد مي كند! حتي بر مبناي اين پيش بيني ها، صادرات مرتبط با كوكا مساوي يا بيشتر از صادرات قانوني كشور بوده است و قدمت كشت آن در بوليوي به قرن ها پيش برمي گردد. گياه كوكا بوته اي شبيه بوته ي چاي دارد كه بيشتر توسط كشاورزان خرده پا در چاپاره و يونگاس كشت مي شد و در اين ميان، حدود 65 درصد از كل كوكاي بوليوي، در منطقه چاپاره ي كوچا بامبا رشد مي كرد.
    به گفته كارشناسان اقتصادي، دليل اصلي روي آوردن كشاورزان بوليويايي به كشت كوكا در دهه 1980، افزايش قيمت كوكا و فروپاشي اقتصاد آن كشور بوده است. البته افزايش ميزان بيكاري نيز در بروز اين مسئله بي تاثير نبوده ولي در مجموع، دليل گرايش كشاورزان به كشت كوكا را مي توان بازدهي اقتصادي سريع، وزن سبك، چهار بار برداشت محصول در سال و وفور دلارهاي آمريكايي در اين تجارت دانست كه تبديل به يك منبع درآمد باارزش در اقتصاد پرتورم اين كشور شده بود.
    طبق تخمين دولت بوليوي، توليد كوكا از 63/1 ميليون كيلوگرم برگ، از 4100 هكتار در سال 1977 ميلادي، به حداقل 45 كيلوگرم در محدوده اي بالغ بر 48 هزار هكتار در سال 1987 رسيده است. تعداد كشاورزان نيز در همين دوره، از 7600 به 40 هزار نفر افزايش يافته است

Erythroxylum coca grows on the moist and warm slopes of the Eastern Andean mountains on an altitude from 1000 to 2.500 meters. The temperature in extremes can vary between 0-45 Celsius. Mostly it is between 15-30 Celsius which is an optimum. Temperatures under 0 celsius is a killer for cocaplants, but older plants can withstand a few degrees of frost for a few hours. Plants on higher altitudes often contain more alkaloids than on lower altitudes. This is in no relation to lower air pressure, as is often assumed, but to a better climate.

Plants growing on sea level in right conditons can contain as much alkaloids as on higher altitudes. Allso the less potent lowland Erythroxylum Ipadua is often confused with Eruthroxylum Coca which has led to the misconception that only on high altitudes potent cocaplants can be grown. Some plants catch abundant rain the whole year around, while others get only 4 month of rain, but because of deep rooting the plants can survive 8 month’s of drought.

The cocaplant loves water, but hates to stand in soaked soil. That‘s the reason why she grows so well on steep mountainsloops where water runs of easily. This good drainage quality is of great importance when keeping an E.coca in a pot. The cocaplant is very adaptive to different climates but she will grow best in a stabile climate where the differences between day and night temperatures is not too much. This climat is similar to the climate in Central-Europe in the month’s of June - July -August.

The ideal climate for a cocaplant: Temperature 15 and30 Celsius and an air humidity between 30 and 70%

The Erythroxylum Novograenetens is mostly grown in semi arid regions. It is known as the rugged cocabush and can thrive in many circumstances. Yeald and quality is average. The Erythroxylum Truxillensis is the rarest of all cocaplants. It grows in the desert oasis on the westcoast of Peru at an altitude of 100-500 meters. An Arctic sea current cools the climate down to an average of 24 Celsius by day and 17 Celsius by night. It only rains once in a few years, but oasis springs provide the plants with sufficient water. The soil is very fertile too. Plants that are grown here are of the finest quality and have that distinctive aroma which is so typical for E.coca.
تلاش براي از بين بردن درد قدمتي به اندازه زندگي انسان دارد. مردم عهد باستان راههاي مختلفي را براي دستيابي به اين اين حالت به کار برده اند: طب سوزني، يخ زدن، کمپرس عصبي، مواد گياهي و حتي نيروهاي رواني. بوميان پرو و بوليوي قرنها برگهاي کوکا را مي‌جويدند و اين عمل تا زماني که ادامه داشت به آنها احساس خوشي اعطا مي‌کرد. در سال 1860، الکالوئيد کوکائين توسط نيه‌من "Niemann" از بوته اريتروکسيلون کوکا "Erythroxybn coca" جدا شد. اثر فارماکولوژيک آن در سال 1880 توسط فون آنرپ "Von Anrep" مطالعه شد و آن را به عنوان بيحس کننده موضعي تجويز نمود.کاربرد روش تفکيک يا ساده سازي در طراحي دارو روي مولکول کوکائين منجر به توليد داروهاي بيحس کننده مصنوعي متعددي شد. بدين ترتيب، فرنيو در 1905 آميلوکوکائين را ساخت که تحت نام استووائين به فروش رسيد. در سال 1905 آنيهورن و همکارانش محصول ساده‌تري به نام پروکائين را معرفي کردند که هنوز به ميزان زيادي به کار مي‌رود. و از آن بعد داروهاي بيحس کننده متعددي ساخته شد. ولي در کل مي‌توان گفت تقريبا اين ترکيبات روابط ساختماني نسبت به کوکائين نشان مي‌دهند و مي‌توان آنها را به عنوان اشکال ساده‌تر اين مولکول در نظر گرفت. 


اثرات كوتاه مدت آن مشابه آمفتامين است ولي با مدت زمان كوتاهتر، احساس افزايش انرژي، چابكي و سرخوشي زياد مي كند، از جمله اثرات آن پس از مصرف عبارت است از: افزايش ضربان قلب، نبض، تنفس، درجه حرارت بدن، فشار خون، گشادگي مردمك چشم، پريدگي رنگ، كاهش اشتها، تعرق شديد، تحريك و هيجان، بي قراري، لرزش به خصوص در دستها، توهمات شديد حسي، عدم هماهنگي حركات، اغتشاش دماغي، گيجي، درد پا، فشار قفسه سينه، تهوع، تيرگي بينايي، تب، اسپاسم عضله، تشنج و مرگ.
در حالت قطع ماده نيز افسردگي شديد حادث مي شود. ناخالصي كوكايين خيابان اغلب موجب حساسيت و آلرژي شديد مي شود كه معمولا با آب ريزش بيني و بي خوابي شديد همراه است. در مسموميت حاد با كوكايين، فرد مصرف كننده دچار بي قراري و تشويش، هيجان، شوريدگي فكر و اختلال تنفسي مي گردد. ضربان، تنفس و فشار خون فرد افزايش مي يابد.