The Witches Garden

KavaKava or Piper methysticum کاوا کاوا یا فلفل استرالیایی

2011-06-11T14:48:00.000-07:00

کاوا کاوا که به نام فلفل استرالیایی مشهور است یکی از بهترین مواد شادی اور و انرژی زا در دنیا است .زادگاه اصلی کاوا جزایر اقیانوس آرام،است .

بومیان استرالیا و جزایر اقیانوس ارام هزاران سال است که از این گیاه استفاده می کردند.

اولین دانش و آگاهی غرب از این گیاه به یکی از سفرهای دریایی کاپیتان جیمز کوک بر می گردد که در دهه های 1700 صورت گرفت.

بومیان این جزایر از این گیاه به عنوان بخشی از آداب و رسوم قبیلگی خود استفاده می کردند به طوری که گیاه مزبورمورد توجه بسیاری از گردهماییهای اجتماعی محسوب شده است.نوشیدنی تهیه شده از ریشه های کاوا سبب کرخ شدن دهان میشود.

ماده مخدر در این گیاه ترکیبات پپریدین است .

این گیاه در درمان اضطرابات بسیار موثر است .و خوردن نوشیدنی محتوی کاوا باعث افزایش نیروی بدنی و جنسی و رفع افسردگی و شادی می شود .

در قرن بیستم گیاه مزبور به بسیاری از بازدید کنندگان جزایر اقیانوس آرام نیز داده شد. هیلاری ردام کلینتون و پاپ ژان پل دوم نیز در مراسم و ضیافتهای رسمی و خوشامدگویی همانند جانسون رئیس جمهور آمریکا و همسرش خانم لیندون بی جانسون در سال 1966 طعم این گیاه را چشیدند.

ریشة این گیاه می تواند نگرانی متأثر از فشار روحی و همچنین اثرات اختلالات ناشی از نگرانی را کمتر کند. مصرف این گیاه در حد پایین سبب نشاط و بیداری میشود، و در حد مصرفی بالا، مواد شیمیایی موجود در ریشه سبب خواب آلودگی میشود.

کاوا مادة مسکن خفیف است (برخلاف الکل و داروهای ضد اضطراب). پزشکان معالج آنرا برای درمان درد و سفتی عضلات بدن، نگرانی، کم خوابی، نگرانی ناشی از یائسگی، صرع کنترل نشده، و درد تجویز می کنند. امروزه انواع مختلف ان به صورت قرص کپسول و پودر و نوشابه موجود است

Kava is consumed in various ways throughout the Pacific Ocean cultures of Polynesia, Vanuatu, Melanesia and some parts of Micronesia and Australia. Traditionally it is prepared by either chewing, grinding or pounding the roots of the kava plant. Grinding is done by hand against a cone-shaped block of dead coral; the hand forms a mortar and the coral a pestle. The ground root/bark is combined with only a little water, as the fresh root releases moisture during grinding. Pounding is done in a large stone with a small log. The product is then added to cold water and consumed as quickly as possible.
The extract is an emulsion of kavalactone droplets in starch. The taste is slightly pungent, while the distinctive aroma depends on whether it was prepared from dry or fresh plant, and on the variety. The colour is grey to tan to opaque greenish.
Kava prepared as described above is much more potent than processed kava. Chewing produces the strongest effect because it produces the finest particles. Fresh, undried kava produces a stronger beverage than dry kava. The strength also depends on the species and techniques of cultivation. Many find mixing powdered kava with hot water makes the drink stronger. However the active ingredients of kava, such as Kavalactone, are ruined at 140 °F (60 °C).^{[citation needed]} Most tea steeps at 180 °F (82 °C) for at least a couple of minutes which will reduce the potency of the kava.
In Vanuatu, a strong kava drink is normally followed by a hot meal or tea. The meal traditionally follows some time after the drink so that the psychoactives are absorbed into the bloodstream quicker. Traditionally no flavoring is added.
In Papua New Guinea, the locals in Madang province refer to their kava as "waild koniak" ("wild cognac" in English).
Fijians commonly share a drink called grog made by pounding sun-dried kava root into a fine powder, straining and mixing it with cold water. Traditionally, grog is drunk from the shorn half-shell of a coconut, called a bilo. Grog is very popular in Fiji, especially among young men, and often brings people together for storytelling and socializing. Drinking grog for a few hours brings a numbing and relaxing effect to the drinker, grog also numbs the tongue and it is typical that grog drinking be followed by a "chaser" or sweet or spicy snack to follow a bilo

The roots of the plant are used to produce a drink with sedative and anesthetic properties. Kava is consumed throughout the Pacific Ocean cultures of Polynesia (including Hawaii), Vanuatu, Melanesia and some parts of Micronesia. Kava is sedating and is primarily consumed to relax without disrupting mental clarity. Its active ingredients are called kavalactones. A Cochrane Collaboration systematic review of its evidence concluded that it was likely to be more effective than placebo at treating short-term social anxiety. Safety concerns have been raised over liver toxicity largely due to the use of stems and leaves by supplement makers, as opposed to solely the root of the plant as dictated by traditional uses. However, based on a retrospective study of retained Piper methysticum drug materials in Germany, the alkaloid pipermethystine, occurring to about 0.2% in the leaves, is an unlikely cause for the observed hepatotoxicity. Whether kava hepatotoxicity may be due to contamination with aflatoxicosis or other mould hepatotoxins, requires further studies Heavy use of kava with comorbid alcohol consumption or an existing liver condition appears to lead to malnutrition, weight loss, liver damage (causing elevated serum γ -glutamyl transferase and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels), renal dysfunction, rashes, pulmonary hypertension, macrocytosis of red cells, lymphocytopenia, and decreasing platelet volumes

BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION

Family :

Piperaceae

Genus :

Piper

Species :

methysticum

COMMON NAMES

Kava; Kawa; Awa; Waka; Lawena; Sakau; Yaqona

EFFECTS CLASSIFICATION

Depressant; Intoxicant

DESCRIPTION

Kava is a tropical evergreen shrub with large heart-shaped leaves and woody stems. Its thick roots are mashed or ground and made into a cold beverage used similarly to alcohol. It has a long history of ritual and recreational use in Pacific Polynesia and is now a common herbal product.

Anthropological evidence suggests that Kava has been cultivated and consumed by humans for well over 3000 years . It is still used today by a wide range of Pacific societies for spiritual, medicinal, and recreational purposes. Kava is deeply integrated into the culture of these societies and and its use is surrounded with ritual when Kava is used for any purpose. The giving and receiving of the root is often involved in life passages such as weddings and funerals. As it is with many other psychoactive plants, the consumption of Kava is associated with the spirit world and is used to contact ancestors and for divination. The feelings of camaraderie that Kava drinking evokes have made it a symbol for peace and friendship in many island nations of the Pacific.

Kava, piper methysticum, is a hardy perennial belonging to the pepper family, piperaceae. Cultivated throughout the South Pacific and as far north to Hawaii, it thrives in tropical to sub-tropical climates. The plant, which is a stocky, non-climbing shrub is quite ornate having smooth thick stalks with heart shaped leaves. Kava has been cultivated for such a long time by humans it no longer produces viable seed and must be propagated vegetatively by cuttings. Its active principals, Kavalactones, are concentrated in its roots

معرفي گياه

ريشه كاوا از گياه بلندي تأمين ميشود كه در جزاير اقيانوس آرام از جمله هواوايي رشد و نمو مي كند. گياه مزبور برگهاي بزرگ. سبز و قلبي شكل توليد مي كند كه به صورت انبوه در شاخه ها و به دور از ساقه هاي ضخيم گياه رشد
مي كنند. گل هاي بلند و نازك اين گياه به جوانة ذرت چيني شباهت دارد كه شاخه هاي آن به ساقه ها چسبيده اند. ريشه هاي اين گياه به بوته هايي با شاخه هاي پر شاخ و برگ و كركدار شباهت دارند.

تركيبات گياه

ريشه كاوا حاوي مواد شيميايي به نام "كاوا پايرون" است كه سبب كاهش تشنج و در آزمايشگاههاي تحقيقاتي در حيوانات سبب استراحت و آرامش عضلات ميشود. كاوا لاكتونها همچنين واكنشهاي مغزي را (كه تصور ميشود شبيه آن دسته از واكنشهاي ناشي از داروهاي تجويزي مورد مصرف در درمان افسردگي و نگراني باشند)، تقليل مي دهد. كاوا لاكتونها در صورت مصرف كاوا از طريق دهان يا لثه ها سبب كرخ شدن و بي حس شدن زبان مي گردد.

اشكال موجود

در برخي از فرهنگها كاوا از طريق جويدن ريشه و ريختن آن داخل كاسه تهيه ميشود. بزاق دهان با ريشة آن مخلوط ميشود و خاصيت درماني اين گياه را فعال مي كند. امروزه، سازندگان از الكل يا در عوض از استات استفاده مي كنند. كاوا در اشكال مختلفي نظير حالت مايع در قالب انواع عصاره ها و در قالب انواع كپسول يا قرص مي توان به دست آورد. همچنين به صورت پودر يا خرد شده موجود است.

نحوه مصرف

اگر پزشك معالج شما مصرف كاوا را تجويز كرده باشد، حتماً به منظور دستيابي به فرآورده هاي كاواي استاندارد حاوي 70 درصد كاوا لاكتون برچسب آنرا قبل از مصرف بخوانيد. فرآورده استاندارد آن نوع فراروده اي است كه ميزان مشخص مواد گياهي فعال در هر دوز مصرفي در آن قيد شده باشد. براي درمان نگراني و كم خوابي و كاهش فشار روحي ميزان تجويزي كاوا عبارت است از 2-4 گرم دم كرده آن (فرآورده اي كه از طريق جوشاندن گياه در آب تهيه ميشود) روزي سه بار.

روزانه 60 تا 600 ميلي گرم كاوا لاكون استاندارد مصرف كنيد يا از دستورهاي پزشك معالج خود پيروي كنيد. طول دورة درمان با كاوا نيز متفاوت است. مشاهده هر نوع بهبود ممكن است چهار هفته طول بكشد. تصويه نميشود به مدت بيش از سه ماه كاوا مصرف گردد.

نكات احتياطي

عوارض جانبي كاوا جزئي است. اين گياه طبي سبب كرخ شدن دهان شما ميشود و ممكن است مزة بدي هم داشته باشد. در درصد كمي از افرادي كه كاوا مصرف كرده بودند تهوع، سردرد، سرگيجه يا جوش صورت گزارش شده است.در صورت مواجهه با هر كدام از اين حالات، با پزشك معالج خود مشورت كنيد. از رانندگي به هنگام مصرف كاوا اجتناب كنيد.

انجمن فرآورده هاي گياهان دارويي آمريكا زنان باردار و شيرده را از مصرف كاوا كاوا منع
مي كند. انجمن مزبور در خصوص مصرف بيش از دوز توصيه شده نيز هشدار مي دهد و مصرف اين گياه دارويي را به مدت بيش از سه ماه و رانندگي به هنگام مصرف آن را منع مي كند.

ميسيونرهاي اعزامي به جزاير اقيانوس آرام در طول قرن نوزدهم پي بردند كه افرادي كه هميشه كاوا مصرف كرده اند داراي پوست بدن مايل به زرد و زبر هستند. تحقيقات اخير نيز نشان داده است كه افرادي كه به ميزان 100 برابر معمول كاوا مصرف مي كنند همان حالت زردي پوست، جوش صورت، ريزش مو و اختلال در قوه بينايي، اشتها و تنفس به آنها دست مي دهد. اينگونه تغييرات پس از قطع مصرف كاوا به حالت عادي بر مي گردند.

تداخل هاي احتمالي

در صورت مصرف باربيتورات يا به هنگام مصرف الكل از مصرف كاوا بپرهيزيد. كاوا ممكن است اثر اين داروها را از بين ببرد

salvia divinorum سال ویا دیوانوریوم گیاه از تیره مریم گلی

2011-05-03T04:14:00.000-07:00

Salvia divinorum is a soft-leaved green plant, native to Southern Mexico, which contains a powerful psychoactive chemical known as Salvinorin. S. divinorum has been used traditionally in Mexico for healing and divination and became available in the underground psychedelic culture around the world starting in the early 1990's. S. divinorum is also known as "la pastora" / "the shepherdess", "the leaves of the shepherdess", "diviner's mint" or "diviner's sage", and in context simply as "Salvia". There are many species and varieties within the genus 'Salvia' and plants commonly found in garden stores are almost certainly not S. divinorum unless specifically labeled as such.

Strong effects can be difficult to attain from smoking dried leaf, but extracts and potency-bred leaves can cause dramatic, sometimes frightening, and completely enfolding entheogenic mind-states. Many people who try S. divinorum do not find the effects at all pleasant and choose not to repeat the experience. Salvia divinorum is traditionally used by chewing pairs of leaves. Modern use includes both smoking and chewing the leaves. When the leaves are chewed, the quid and bitter juice are held in the mouth to increase absorption.

Dose Many people find it difficult to achieve full effects by smoking dried Salvia divinorum leaves. Those who are successful generally require multiple large hits off a pipe or bong. Typical smoked doses with plain leaf are between 0.2 to 0.5 gram, about one large, dried leaf. For sublingual consumption, a typical dosage range is 10-50 grams of fresh (wet) leaf, approximately equal to 6 to 30 leaves, or 2-10 grams of dried leaf, usually reconstituted before consumption.

Addiction Potential

Salvia divinorum is not known to be either physically addicting or likely to cause psychological dependence. Withdrawal effects following discontinuation have not been reported. As with most substances, some people will use it more frequently than they are comfortable with. There appears to be no tolerance with Salvinorin-A, so an experience can be extended or amplified by smoking more.

Well, I've decided this would be a good place for some thoughts on drug use. After all this is a site about opinions. A drug that has recently been in the news is salvia divinorum. Now by "drug" I mean a substance that when consumed has a physical and mental effects. Salvia divinorum is a plant that grows in cloud forests of southern Mexico. It has been used for quite some time by mystics of the area to connect with what they perceived to be the spiritual world. It is a heavily psychedelic plant. A user will often have an out of body experience. They will feel no connection to a body, and will find themselves in an entirely psychedelic realm. In this realm revelations about one's self and the universe are revealed to the user. This plant is in the news because a video of Miley Cyrus using it at a party were released. Before this video the plant made it into the news because people were using the substance and taking videos of it. These people would often try to perform activities while under the influence of salvia. This is giving salvia a bad name, because one effect of the plant is a complete loss of motor skills. This is a part of the out of body experience. The effects last for approximately five to ten minutes max. This plant should not be feared, but it should not be mistaken for a recreational drug. The main reason this drug should not be used as a purely recreational drug is that it is not euphoric. Most drugs create at least some feeling of happiness in the user. Salvia does not. This causes it to be a very intense experience. This is why the shaman used it to connect with the "spirit world" and "god." Miley Cyrus says in the video "I think I'm having kind of a bad trip." Well that is because this drug doesn't create any feelings of happiness. To illustrate this point I will describe my very first salvia divinorum experience. I took two hits and then the onset was sudden. I found myself no longer connected to my body, I was not aware of it. Above me there was a plain of light. Below this plane there was darkness. I felt myself being pulled towards this darkness. I strongly resisted, because I left I needed to stay by this light and not fall into the darkness or I would no longer exist. Along the border between the dark and light there was a rotating border. It was quite loud. I stayed there, struggling not to fall, for approximately eight minutes. I soon felt a connection to my body, and I could see the other two people in the room when I leaned forward. When I leaned back in the couch, I could see where I had come from and still left like I was being pulled backward, so I stayed with my body observing this place. Eventually I was fully back in the room. While I was there I had forgotten about the fact that I had taken salvia. I felt this was the reality. This is why this is not a party drug. It was a very intense experience with no feeling of euphoria. This experience has been quite useful to me though. I often find myself reflecting on that first trip, and wishing I had allowed myself to fall. I should have let go and experienced what could have been experienced (the concrete lessons I will keep to myself, those are quite personal and you will find in many psychedelic studies volunteers are quite reluctant to give up their personal revelations). This plant should never be consumed at a party. It is what is referred to as a "vision quest herb." This plant is legal in most states, but there has been a push to ban its use. Why? Because of people like Miley Cyrus are giving it a bad name. But thats not the only reason. People today an innate fear of psychedelic drugs. I'm sure my description of my experience with salvia invoked a few people to think "well that shouldn't be legal!" This fear of psychedelics is something that comes from a lack of experience with psychedelics. Today psychedelics are not nearly as common as they once were, and propaganda has become widespread. Psychedelic drugs are not something we discuss often in our culture. There is a push to make salvia illegal. This is an infringement on the right's of every individual in this country. Salvia divinorum is quite useful for those of us who enjoy the occasional foray into the psychedelic. Don't judge salvia by these morons who use one of the most "spiritual" drugs on earth for a party drug.

سال ویا دیوانوریومsalvia divinorum

سال ویا که درایران به ان سالویا نیز گفته می شود یگ گیاه مخدر از دسته مواد مخدر توهم زا است .این گیاه از تیره مریم کلی است .
زادگاه بومی آن کشور مکزیک است .
این ماده که از زمان آزتک ها در بین سرخئوپوستان استفاده می شده است یکی از مواد توهم زای بسیاز قوی است .

این گیاه در نواحی کوهستانی و بارانی رشد می نماید .

شمن (جادوگران)سرخئوپوست آنرا در مراسم های مذهبی خود استفاده می کردند .

سالویا امروز در بین جوانان امریکایی طرفداران زیادی دارد .

جین باست جانسون اولین کسی بود که در سال
1939 در ضمن پژوهش درباره شمن ها به این ماده اشاره کرد .

این ماده ایجاد توهم شدید می کند که می توان انرا با توهم ال اس دی برابردانست .در بقیه گروه سالویا نیز می توان موادمخدر توهم زا را به مقدار کمتر از نوع دیوانوریوم یافت

پراکنش و نیازهای اکولوژیکی

مریم گلی بومی مناطق شمال مدیترانه است و این گیاه بومی کشورمان نیست ولی بخاطر اهمیت دارویی اش در کشورمان کشت و کار می شود. مریم گلی گیاهی است که به گرما و هوای خشک برای رشد مطلوب نیاز دارد.

کاشت، داشت و برداشت
تکثیر این گیاه بوسیله ی بذر یا از طریق تقسیم بوته امکان پذیر است و برای این کار معمولا در روش کشت مستقیم بذور را در اواخر آبان ماه در ردیف هایی با فاصله ی 50 سانتی متر و با فاصله ی 50 سانتی متر از هم کشت می نمایند. کشت غیر مستقیم بذور در اوایل بهار با استفاده از خزانه هوای آزاد صورت می گیرد. نشاهای حاصل را در اوایل پائیز به زمین اصلی منتقل می نماییم. تکثیر این گیاه از طریق تقسیم بوته در مورد گیاهان 3 تا 4 ساله در فصل پائیز قابل انجام می باشد.

برداشت شامل چیدن برگ ها یا قطع پیکر رویشی گیاه است که از سال دوم به بعد می توان 2 تا 3 مرتبه این عمل را انجام داد.

Morning Gloryگل نیلوفر پیچ

2011-05-01T02:27:00.000-07:00

Traditionally used in divination. In Oaxaca, in Southern Mexico the seeds of this vine are esteemed as one of the principal hallucinogens for use in divination as well as magico-religious and curing rituals.
Ipomea violacea seeds give a quiet, dreamy and trippy experience, a clear mind and an heightened sensitivity to light and sounds. The seeds of some varieties contain LSA (D-lysergic acid amide) and can cause visual and perceptual effects similar to LSD. LSA containing varieties include Heavenly Blue, Flying Saucers, and Pearly Gates.
While morning-glory seeds may be ground and brewed into tea or taken intravenously, the common method of ingestion is by thorough t chewing. This action, before swallowing, permits the seed 's psychoactive chemicals to be easily absorbed by the body. 3 to 10 grams of seeds are thoroughly chewed and swallowed or may be thoroughly ground and soaked in a cup water for half an hour, strained and drunk.

در اسطورهای مصر چهار پسر هوروس روی یک نیلوفر روبروی ازیریس ایستاده اند. گل نیلوفر به عنوان نشانه ایزیس مظهر باروری و پاکی و بکارت است.رع خورشید خدا و آفریننده مصری به صورت کودکی مصور شده که برروی گل آرمیده است یا سر او از گل نیلوفر بیرون می‌آید. نیلوفر نشانه مصر علیا بود. سر ستون‌های معابد مصری رابه گونه ای می‌آراستند که نیلوفر را بر روی آنها به صورت غنچه و گاه گشوده حجاری می‌کردند. در فرهنگ هندی گل نیلوفر، گلی است از خود به وجود آمده و نامیراست و نماد جهان به شمار می‌رود. گاهی کوه مرو به مفهوم محور جهان در مرکز ان تصویر شده است. چاکراها به شکل نیلوفر‌هایی تصویر می‌شوند که با نماد چرخ مرتبطند هنگامی ‌که این مرکز چاکراها بیدار شوند نیلوفرها باز می‌شوند و می‌چرخند. لوتوس نام یکی از حرکات یوگا است. در اسطوره‌های هندی با سه خدای اصلی مواجه می‌شویم که عبارتند از برهما (خدای افریننده) ویشنو (خدای نگهدارنده) و شیوا (خدای نابودکننده). در یک اسطوره متاخر که در ریگ ودا به آن اشاره شده است آمده که چگونه کیهان از نیلوفری زرین که بر روی آبهای کیهانی در حرکت بوده به وجود آمده و از آن برهما متولد شد. هنگامی ‌که مراسم او جای خود را به مراسم ویشنو داد وی رابعدها به صورتی مجسم کردند که بر روی گل نیلوفری که از ناف ویشنو می‌روید نشسته است. یک الهه هندویی به نام پادماپانی وجود دارد که به معنی زنی است که نیلوفر دردست دارد. لاکشمی ‌همسر ویشنو و پارواتی همسر شیوا هم با نیلوفر در ارتباط هستند. در هندوستان که رود برایشان خیلی اهمیت دارد الهه‌های رودگاهی بر روی نیلوفر سوارند.

در فرهنگ ایران باستان هم گل نیلوفر را در تخت جمشید و در نقش برجسته‌های آن مشاهده می‌کنیم. در حجاری‌های طاق بوستان کرمانشاه هم گل نیلوفر مربوط به زمان ساسانیان دیده می‌شود. ظاهرا گلی که در دستان پادشاهان حجاری شده در تخت جمشید دیده می‌شود نماد صلح و شادی بوده است. از انجا که این گل با اب درارتباط است نماد آناهیتا ایزد بانوی آب‌های روان است

Although there is much controversy regarding the place Morning Glories hold in Shamanic tradition, there is plenty of relatively undocumented evidence that points to extensive ritualistic use by at least the Aztecs. From our extensive travels to the regions where this plant still exists in its natural habitat, we have uncovered a history that is never recorded in traditional accounts of Aztec culture, including their reverence for many entheogens besides the sacred Morning Glory.

In fact, it turns out that they incorporated many psychoactive and visionary herbs into their religious rituals. A few key examples include Pulque, which is made from fermented Agave sap, Peyote Buttons (as do the Native American Indians), Datura flowers and seeds (which we have personally seen growing on the mountains of Machu Picchu), psilocybin, Black Nightshade, Shamanic Tobacco, and, yes; Morning Glory Seeds. In fact, the use of Morning Glory in Shamanic and ritualistic tradition extends throughout Mexico as the natives in Mexico in the Oaxaca region (famous for Maria Sabina's mushroom cults and the now infamous Salvia divinorum, Rivea corymbosa, and Calea Zacatechichi) believe that a powerful deity lives within the seeds.

Since ingestion of these sacred botanicals has been deemed illegal in most parts of the world (a strange coincidence that powerful and dangerous psychoactives such as alcohol and tobacco are completely legal to ingest), we offer these botanical specimens as viable seeds for your own Shaman's Garden. They are easy to cultivate, and will practically grow themselves, year after year, regardless of climate. There is much more information in the Ipomoea violacea - Morning Glory article at Entheology.org.

PREPARATION : BEST METHOD
Q. How do you prepare morning glory seeds to best activate their psychedelic properties?

A. Here is a simple way to process morning glory seeds which produces the best possible results as well:

Equipment:
- Coffee Grinder or equivalent to powder seeds
- 2 Jars with Lids
- 1 Coffee Filter or Funnel
- Coffee Filters or Filter Paper
Chemical/Biological:
- Morning Glory Seeds (1 seed = ~ 1 ug) (50-500 ug=1 dose)
- Petroleum Ether
- Ethanol-based liquid suitable for human consumption in approximate order of preference:
  - EverClear or similiar substance
  - 100 Proof or better vodka or gin
  - 151 Proof rum
  - other beverages 80 proof or better
    - or -
  - Water-based beverages (not preferred (nausea))
Processing Methodology:
1. If using treated seeds wash thoroughly in detergent and cold water first.
2. Grind seeds to powder in coffee grinder
3. Place powder in jar with a "healthy" qty of petroleum ether.
  (~360-500 ml/500 seeds (can't use too much, can use too little))
4. Put lid on jar and shake it vigorously for a while. Let stand 20 minutes (you can shake it more if you like)
5. Shake jar, remove lid, and pour suspension into filter (with filter paper in place). Use second jar to catch the petroleum ether than comes through the filter paper. (Windows should be open or do this outside otherwise you will get prematurely in a non-canonical fashion). If some seed powder clings to the side of the jar, rinse it out with some of the filtered ether. When finished, you will have slightly discolored petroleum ether in a jar and the powder on the filter paper.
6. *** DO NOT DRINK THE PETROLEUM ETHER ***. Put the lid on that jar and save it to reuse next time (you can get at least five processing cycles out of it). Dry the seed powder THOROUGHLY. Wash and dry the empty jar.
7. When powder is thoroughly dry, place it back in the jar and add alcohol. The amount of alcohol is critical, since you will be drinking it later, and will vary according to your propensities, tolerances, and the intended intensity of your proposed voyage. For light, recreational use, assuming reasonable alcohol tolerance use 1 oz. of alcohol per 30-50 seeds. For intense meditation use 1 /250 seeds. If you use a high seed/alcohol ratio you will want to prepare a large number of seeds at a time otherwise you will be working with micro-quantities and it gets more tedious (unless you like that sort of thing).
8. Soak the seed powder in the alcohol, shaking frequently, for three days.
9. Filter again, as before. Discard the seed powder (unless you wish to make 'soap'). Keep the alcohol for use.
10. Drink the alcohol to achieve desired effect.
11. OPERATIONAL METHODOLOGY
  Q. Why is this method superior to others?
  
  A. The virtue of this processing methodology will become clear if you sip a bit and hold it in your mouth before swallowing. VOILA: Instant Experience! No wait, no wondering "Did I do enough?". Because lysergic acid amides are soluble in ethanol, and because ethanol passes through mucus membranes directly to the blood stream, the effect is virtually instantaneous. Because of this, you can carefully meter the intensity of your experience in the same way you can with hemp.
  
  Q. How long will the experience last?
  
  A.Your voyage will last the standard 8-12 hours. The morning glory experience is clean, pure, intense and particularly enjoyable out of doors in the daytime (drink at dawn). This is the preferred hour for the f
12. These untreated Flying Saucer variety of Morning Glory seeds provide fast growing vines to 15 ft. with huge 5" blooms of pure white brushed with lavender-lilac to blue in a pinwheel pattern. Lush, tropical-like foliage provide a nice variety to the usual "Heavenly Blues" that most morning glory fans are familiar with. Generations of Aztecs and natives in Mexico (Oaxaca region) reportedly believe that a deity lives within the seeds and they may not only have held Morning Glory quite sacred as a result, there's evidence that they may have used them ritualistically as well.
  
  Today, the "Flying Saucers" variety is the rarest Morning Glory variety, and they are grown as a climbing vine with beautiful flowers. Seeds are organically grown and harvested. A great addition to any Shaman's Garden; these seeds can even be planted in cold climates as they will overwinter and grow a entirely new crop year after year.

Apologies :
My apologies to the many who wrote requesting the location of the Morning Glory FAQ Part II or an emailed copy of it. Although I promised it a month after the publication of Part I, I ultimately decided not to write it. It concerned ritualistic and shamanic aspects of preparation and use evolved over several years of working with this and other herbs. After reading the various responses to Part I and the email I subsequently received regarding it, this information did not seem suitable for this segment of the internet community.

New Questions since Part I
To those who asked about removing the alcohol prior to consumption, ethyl vs. methyl alcohol, and the use of water as a solvent, RTF.

To those who asked about the availability of petroleum ether, I cannot help unless you have access to a chemical supplier. Most products labeled "Naptha" are poor substitutes for what I used to purchase from chemical supply houses as "Petroleum Ether". They do remove the toxic oils from the seed coat but also appear to dissolve some of the lysergic acid as well. These products include Zippo lighter fluid and Coleman fuel. Seeds processed with these solvents produce a very weak brew. Some brands of Naphtha report that they are fairly pure, Ronsonal lighter fluid reports that it is "100% Naphtha" and VM&P Naphtha (Varnish Maker's & Painters) also claims to be "pure" naphtha. If one is going to ingest the resulting product, it is important to verify that the naphtha evaporates completely and does not leave a residue in whatever procedure one is using.

Technically speaking, petroleum "ether" is not an ether at all, which is essentially an organic oxide just as an alcohol is an organic base. Ethers in general are highly volatile compounds and come in the usual methyl, ethyl, butyl, etc. flavors. Petroleum ether, on the other hand, is the most volatile product produced through catalytic cracking in the process used to make gasoline, jet fuel, kerosine, and other petroleum products. The process is fractional distillation. Fractional distillation involves introducing a gaseous mixture of related compounds, in this case petroleum compounds into a cooling mechanism, in this case a cracking tower. As the gaseous products cool progressively, they liquify earlier or later depending on volatility. By controlling the rate of flow through the cooling mechanism and drawing off the liquid at specific locations along it, it is possible to separate compounds which are otherwise miscible. You can use the same process to separate methyl (wood) alcohol which is poisonous from ethyl (grain) alcohol which is also poisonous, but less so. "Petroleum ether" is the product drawn off from the top of the cracking tower. Reagent grade petroleum ether appears to be significant more volatile than "naptha" which is also drawn off the top of the tower and marketed as Zippo lighter fluid, Coleman fuel, and white gas. Perhaps reagent grade is subjected to a second distillation or perhaps is simply a more narrowly-defined drawoff. It is definitely a different animal.

In practical terms, if you examine the effect of the solvent being used for "petroleum ether" in this process on the seed meal, you will observe the following: After shaking the mixture well, Zippo lighter fluid and other substitutes will retain a brownish color. Some substitutes will also exhibit the same kind of "tendrils" that appear when you dissolve the meal in water. Reagent grade petroleum ether will remain clear after shaking and the meal will fall immediately to the base of the jar. Nothing will remain in suspension. When you filter the seed meal after soaking in reagent grade petroleum ether, the filtration process is nearly instaneous and the seed meal will retain its appearance as separate grains throughout. With substitute products, this filtration process takes several minutes to half and hour. The seed meal is "gummy" afterward and much harder to dry.
At this point it is pretty clear, that attempts to substitute Zippo, Coleman fuel, or other products marketed as "naptha" will not produce an active brew. This seems to explain some of the poor results reported in alt.drugs.

An alternative processing method occured to me since writing the FAQ in light of the apparent current difficulty in obtaining petroleum ether:

Proceed with a water extraction from the seed meal: Soak the meal in water and then filter off the water with a coffee filter, discarding the filter and solid matter, keeping the water.
Evaporate all the water until only a brown sludge remains. Do this maintaining the lowest possible temperature since lysergic compounds break down at relatively low temperatures. If you have access to a vacuum pump, use it. If you can perform this processing 5-10,000 feet above sea level or higher, do so. Otherwise, try blowing a fan across a flat pan such as a cookie sheet or pizza pan.
When only sludge remains, redissolve it in alcohol, perform any shamanic rituals desired with this material, then filter again and drink.

This process will preserve the "instant high" effect of the process described in the FAQ without incurring the "fish-eye" toxic side-effect.

CHEMICAL HYPOTHESIS AND ALTERNATIVE PREPARATIONS
Q. I tried morning glory seeds and only got a headache and blurred vision.
Q. I tried morning glory seeds and got sick to my stomach
Q. What do you know about this anyway?

A.My personal experience with morning glory seeds began in June of 1958, the day I graduated from eighth grade. Herb Caen had written something to the effect that "If you eat 100 morning glory seeds, you will go to morning glory heaven. Heavenly Blues, Pearly Gates, and Flying Saucers will do the trick.." A friend of mine had read this and invited a bunch of people to her house to try it out. I was the only person who managed to eat a full hundred, but probably didn't chew them enough and had only mild effects. Since then I have tried many ways of preparing them, and this is far and away the best. There are a number of approaches that are downright horrible.

Based on my experiences I believe the following to be true (though am wide-open to getting "scientific"/factual refutation/corroboration. In addition to the lysergic amides present in the seeds, there are two chemicals or chemical complexes which are toxic. One of these, relatively mild, is associated with nausea and is contained in the seed pulp. This is soluble in water and will form long 'strands' in it which are clearly visible. This material can be processed into a kind of 'soap' which lathers somewhat. It is not soluble in alcohol nor petroleum ether. This is evidenced by soaking the spent powder in water.

A second chemical or complex is much more malicious. Ingesting it results in headache, blurred and 'fish-eye' vision, and it also seems to counteract the psychedelic effect. For lack of a better term with the expectation that it is chemically non-descriptive, we will call this the 'strychnine effect' and the associated compound(s) the 'strychnine factor'. This factor is contained in the seed husk and is miscible with petroleum ether but only slightly soluble in water. If you chew the seeds you break the husk but do not usually chew it well enough to digest. Same thing if you pulverize the seeds with a hammer or similiar instrument before eating or swallowing. In both cases, the 'strychnine effect' is not observed except as background. However the high is not as lucid and bright as when the factor is removed. On the other hand, if you grind the seeds into powder and do not remove the 'styrchnine factor' with petroleum ether (or other solvent(?)) but ingest the powder itself, you will experience the 'strychnine effect' in great and unpleasant intensity. If you put the powder in water, filter the water, and drink it (effectively the traditional method for indigenous peoples), the nausea factor will be pronounced, but the 'strychnine effect' will be weak.

The only approach that effectively eliminates both side-effects is the one described above. The additional benefits provided by this method beyond the immediate high effect will be discussed in Part 2.0.0 of this FAQ.

جنبه تقدس نیلوفر به محیط آبی آن بر می‌گردد. زیرا آب نماد باستانی اقیانوس کهنی بود که کیهان از آن آفریده شده است. نیلوفر که بر روی سطح آب در حرکت بود به مثابه زهدان آن به شمار می‌رفت. از آنجا که گل نیلوفر در سپیده دم باز و در هنگام غروب بسته می‌شود به خورشید شباهت دارد. خورشید خود منبع الهی حیات است و از این رو گل نیلوفر مظهر تجدید حیات شمسی به شمار می‌رفت. پس مظهر همه روشنگری‌ها آفرینش باروری تجدید حیات و بی‌مرگی است.

نیلوفر نماد کمال است. زیرا برگ‌ها گل‌ها و میوه اش دایره ای شکلند. ود ایره خود از این جهت که کامل‌ترین شکل است نماد کمال به شمار می‌آید. نیلوفر یعنی شکفتن معنوی. زیرا ریشه‌هایش در لجن است و با این حال به سمت بالا و آسمان می‌روید از آبهای تیره خارج می‌شود و گل‌هایش زیر نور خورشید و روشنایی آسمان رشد می‌کنند.

نیلوفر کمال زیبایی نیز به شمار می‌رود. ریشه‌های نیلوفر مظهر ماندگاری و ساقه اش نماد بند ناف است که انسان را به اصلش پیوند می‌دهد و گلش پرتو خورشید را تداعی می‌کند. نیلوفر نماد انسان فوق العاده یا تولد الهی است زیرا بدون هیچ ناپاکی از آبهای گل الود خارج می‌شود.

در فرهنگ آشوری فینیقی و در هنر یونانی رومی‌ نیلوفر به معنی تدفین و مجلس ترحیم و نشانگر مرگ و تولد دوباره رستاخیز و زندگی بعدی و نیروهای نوزایی طبیعت است. نیلوفر در اسطوره‌های یونانی و رومی ‌علامت مشخصه افرردیت- ونوس است. در فرهنگ بودایی ظهور بودا به صورت شعله صادره از نیلوفر تصویر می‌شود. گاهی بودا را می‌بینیم که در یک نیلوفر کاملا شکفته به تخت نشسته است. در حقیقت در تعلیمات بودایی نیلوفر تا حد زیادی در قلمرو ماوراالطبیعه وارد می‌شود. در معابد بودایی نقش نیلوفر وجود دارد و نیلوفر جزو هشت علامت فرخندگی در کف پای بودا است. در فرهنگ چینی نماد پاکی حفاظت ظرافت روحانی صلح باروری و تجسم زنانه است و علامت تابستان نیز می‌باشد. چینی‌ها گل نیلوفر را مظهر گذشته حال و آینده می‌دانند. زیرا گیاهی است که در یک غنچه گل می‌دهد و دانه می‌کند. همین طور نماد نجابت است به این دلیل که از آبهای آلوده بیرون می‌آید اما آلودگی را نمی‌پذیرد.

MORNING GLORY WINE
Q. Is there anything else you can do with morning glories?

A. The flowers of the morning glory may be steeped in water for a week or two to produce a mildly alcoholic wine with a distinctively pleasant flavor and very mild psychedelic effect, on the order of hemp. Once again herbs and/or honey can be added to good effect.

نیلوفر کمال زیبایی نیز به شمار می‌رود. ریشه‌های نیلوفر مظهر ماندگاری و ساقه اش نماد بند ناف است که انسان را به اصلش پیوند می‌دهد و گلش...

گل نیلوفر و نماد آن در دنیای باستان شرق نقش بارزی داشته است، از حجاری‌های تخت جمشید تا کنده کاری‌های طاق بستان ارتباط شگفت انگیزی با این گل دیده می‌شود.

نام گل نیلوفر در زبان سانسکریت پادما در زبان چینی لی ین هوا به زبان ژاپنی رنگه و در زبان انگلیسی لوتوس است نیلوفر درشرق باستان همان قدر اهمیت دارد که گل رز در غرب.

درسده هشتم پیش از میلاد تصویر نیلوفر احتمالا از مصر به فینیقیه و از آنجا به سرزمین آشور و ایران انتقال یافت و در این سرزمین‌ها گاهی جانشین درخت مقدس بوده است. الهه‌های فینیقی به عنوان قدرت آفریننده خود گل نیلوفر در دست دارند. این گیاه درمصر باستان و در بسیاری از بخش‌های آسیا مورد پرستش بود.

Erythroxylum coca کوکا - منبع آلکالوئید کوکائین

2011-05-01T01:20:00.000-07:00

Coca (Erythroxylum coca), the source of the alkaloid cocaine, is a small tree native to moist tropical montane regions of Peru, Bolivia, and, possibly, Ecuador. This plant was an essential part of early civilizations in northwestern South America. Traditionally the user made a ball-like quid with a coca leaf, added a paste of lime (ground rock or seashells) or alkaline ashes (e.g., from stems of Chenopodium quinoa), and then placed the quid in the cheek, where saliva would flow over the coca and trickle down the throat. A user could be identified by the bulge in the cheek. The presence of an alkali helped to release the alkaloids from the leaf--the origin of crack cocaine in today's society. In the mouth, the coca leaf was never chewed, although coca is sometimes called a masticatory.

Evidence that coca leaves were used dates back to 3000 B.C. Telltale signs include figurines of coca chewers (coqueros) and ceramic lime pots from the Valdiva culture of coastal Ecuador. Coca ceramics have been found from the upper river valleys of Peru from 1900-1750 B.C. In Ecuador at 500 B.C., the Carchi tribes made ceramics of coqueros and had small lime or ash containers (iscupurus). In the region of Nazca, Peru, mummies almost 2000 years old were found with bags of coca leaves (chuspas) around their necks. Therefore, the coca-leaf culture was well established before the Inca rule began in Peru, even though the Incas invented legends how the coca tradition began with the origin of their relatively recent culture, e.g., from the body parts of the adulteress Mama Coca.

It is from the Incas that we have the most useful information about the history of coca use. Here, as probably earlier, coca was a symbol of royalty, and its use was officially restricted to male royalty and nobility, religious priests, and shamans. There are accounts that coca was used for treating the sick, both for diagnosis and therapy, and being used for pains from toothaches to malaria. Sometime during the Inca rule, coca use was granted to yaravecs, court orators, who under the influence would recite the Inca history using a quipo, a string with knots. Likewise, coca was offered to young nobles during manhood initiation rites. Young maidens would give runners coca and chicha to make them race faster. Rarely in Inca society, human sacrifices were offered to the sun, and the victim was given large doses of coca beforehand; if the victim perceived coca on his lips just at the time of death, he would go to paradise. It does not appear that in Inca society coca was used casually.

One famous fan of cocaine use was Sigmund Freud. In 1884 Freud was in search of fame as a struggling doctor and wanted a cure for nervous exhaustion and morphine addiction. He found that cocaine relieved his own chronic depression and wrote a series of papers on cocaine, praising its results as a "magical drug," superior to morphine. Years later he backed off from his former praises. Freud was also a catalyst for a great medical development; in 1884 he asked Dr. Karl Koller of Vienna to work with coca leaves. Koller was an ophthalmologist, and he was looking for something to use during eye operations. Freud recommended cocaine as a local anesthetic, because it could numb the tongue. Koller soon discovered that cocaine hydrochloride was a successful eye anesthetic and also fine for surgery of the ear, nose, and throat. In 1885 Wilhelm Filehne showed that atropine has a chemical structure close to that of cocaine, and atropine became the anesthesia of choice. Nonetheless, interest in cocaine had opened research on this class of medical chemicals.

Some physicians question the classification of cocaine as a narcotic, because it has exactly opposite characteristics of opium. Cocaine produces intense euphoria and short-term hallucinations; there is apparently no true physical addiction or physical withdrawal symptoms from the milder, standard cocaine, although persons are psychologically addicted and have intense cravings for the drug. However, the reintroduction of Crack (quicklime added, as in ancient times), was very dangerous and physically addictive. Cocaine is snorted or sniffed generally through the nose and is absorbed through the nasal epithelium. This ruins nasal tissues and causes increases in heart rate and blood pressure as well as a rise in body temperature. Several synthetic cocaine-like substances are used in medicine and dentistry, including procaine or Novocaine and Lidocaine.

For best results use a propagator with soil heating. Adjust the soil heating to 28 Celsius this is the optimum temperature to germinate cocaseeds. Next fill the propagator with Amazonian remix soil or special seedling soil PH 5-6 EC O,5 mS

Spread the seeds over the soil and cover them up with 1 cm of soil. Now spray the soil with luke warm water but don’t make the soil to wet otherwise the seeds will rot or mould. Place the bonnet on the propagator and leave the ventilationshaft open so that some air and moisture can escape from the propagator, but not to much.
It will take 3-6 weeks before the first sprouts apear. Meanwhile spray the soil with water on a regular basis to prevent it from drying out. As long ass no seeds have been germinated the propagator can stand in the dark. As soon as the first seedling apears it is necessary to give light but not to bright , direct sunlight is a killer for seedlings. preferable use a Fluorescent lighting tube collor code 33 and give the seedlings 18 hours of light. Keep the light tube at a distance of 30 cm. The seedlings will thrive very well under a fluorescent lighting tube without any danger of burning. Young cocaplants need a higher air humidity. Keep the air humidity in the propagator around 80%. For the first three month’s it is necessary to leave the bonnet on the propagator. Let the young plants get used to a lower air humidity,it is necessary to lift the bonnet for a few minutes and extent this time every day. After aproximatly a month your plants will be used to a lower air humidity. This is the time to transplant to a bigger pot.

گياه كوكا چيست؟
    كوكا پرمنفعت ترين محصول و فعاليت اقتصادي در بوليوي طي دهه 1980 بود كه برگ هايش به صورت مخفيانه، تبديل به ماده ي مخدر كوكا مي شد. اين كشور در اواخر 1980، دومين كشت كننده كوكا در جهان بود كه تقريبا 15 درصد بازار قاچاق كوكائين ايالات متحده را در دست داشت. تحليل گران بر اين باورند كه صادرات كوكائين يا خمير آن در دهه ي 1980، بسته به قيمت و بازدهي درآمد، سالانه بين 600 ميليون تا 1 بيليون دلار درآمد ايجاد مي كند! حتي بر مبناي اين پيش بيني ها، صادرات مرتبط با كوكا مساوي يا بيشتر از صادرات قانوني كشور بوده است و قدمت كشت آن در بوليوي به قرن ها پيش برمي گردد. گياه كوكا بوته اي شبيه بوته ي چاي دارد كه بيشتر توسط كشاورزان خرده پا در چاپاره و يونگاس كشت مي شد و در اين ميان، حدود 65 درصد از كل كوكاي بوليوي، در منطقه چاپاره ي كوچا بامبا رشد مي كرد.
    به گفته كارشناسان اقتصادي، دليل اصلي روي آوردن كشاورزان بوليويايي به كشت كوكا در دهه 1980، افزايش قيمت كوكا و فروپاشي اقتصاد آن كشور بوده است. البته افزايش ميزان بيكاري نيز در بروز اين مسئله بي تاثير نبوده ولي در مجموع، دليل گرايش كشاورزان به كشت كوكا را مي توان بازدهي اقتصادي سريع، وزن سبك، چهار بار برداشت محصول در سال و وفور دلارهاي آمريكايي در اين تجارت دانست كه تبديل به يك منبع درآمد باارزش در اقتصاد پرتورم اين كشور شده بود.
    طبق تخمين دولت بوليوي، توليد كوكا از 63/1 ميليون كيلوگرم برگ، از 4100 هكتار در سال 1977 ميلادي، به حداقل 45 كيلوگرم در محدوده اي بالغ بر 48 هزار هكتار در سال 1987 رسيده است. تعداد كشاورزان نيز در همين دوره، از 7600 به 40 هزار نفر افزايش يافته است

Erythroxylum coca grows on the moist and warm slopes of the Eastern Andean mountains on an altitude from 1000 to 2.500 meters. The temperature in extremes can vary between 0-45 Celsius. Mostly it is between 15-30 Celsius which is an optimum. Temperatures under 0 celsius is a killer for cocaplants, but older plants can withstand a few degrees of frost for a few hours. Plants on higher altitudes often contain more alkaloids than on lower altitudes. This is in no relation to lower air pressure, as is often assumed, but to a better climate.

Plants growing on sea level in right conditons can contain as much alkaloids as on higher altitudes. Allso the less potent lowland Erythroxylum Ipadua is often confused with Eruthroxylum Coca which has led to the misconception that only on high altitudes potent cocaplants can be grown. Some plants catch abundant rain the whole year around, while others get only 4 month of rain, but because of deep rooting the plants can survive 8 month’s of drought.

The cocaplant loves water, but hates to stand in soaked soil. That‘s the reason why she grows so well on steep mountainsloops where water runs of easily. This good drainage quality is of great importance when keeping an E.coca in a pot. The cocaplant is very adaptive to different climates but she will grow best in a stabile climate where the differences between day and night temperatures is not too much. This climat is similar to the climate in Central-Europe in the month’s of June - July -August.

The ideal climate for a cocaplant: Temperature 15 and30 Celsius and an air humidity between 30 and 70%

The Erythroxylum Novograenetens is mostly grown in semi arid regions. It is known as the rugged cocabush and can thrive in many circumstances. Yeald and quality is average. The Erythroxylum Truxillensis is the rarest of all cocaplants. It grows in the desert oasis on the westcoast of Peru at an altitude of 100-500 meters. An Arctic sea current cools the climate down to an average of 24 Celsius by day and 17 Celsius by night. It only rains once in a few years, but oasis springs provide the plants with sufficient water. The soil is very fertile too. Plants that are grown here are of the finest quality and have that distinctive aroma which is so typical for E.coca.

تلاش براي از بين بردن درد قدمتي به اندازه زندگي انسان دارد. مردم عهد باستان راههاي مختلفي را براي دستيابي به اين اين حالت به کار برده اند: طب سوزني، يخ زدن، کمپرس عصبي، مواد گياهي و حتي نيروهاي رواني. بوميان پرو و بوليوي قرنها برگهاي کوکا را مي‌جويدند و اين عمل تا زماني که ادامه داشت به آنها احساس خوشي اعطا مي‌کرد. در سال 1860، الکالوئيد کوکائين توسط نيه‌من "Niemann" از بوته اريتروکسيلون کوکا "Erythroxybn coca" جدا شد. اثر فارماکولوژيک آن در سال 1880 توسط فون آنرپ "Von Anrep" مطالعه شد و آن را به عنوان بيحس کننده موضعي تجويز نمود.کاربرد روش تفکيک يا ساده سازي در طراحي دارو روي مولکول کوکائين منجر به توليد داروهاي بيحس کننده مصنوعي متعددي شد. بدين ترتيب، فرنيو در 1905 آميلوکوکائين را ساخت که تحت نام استووائين به فروش رسيد. در سال 1905 آنيهورن و همکارانش محصول ساده‌تري به نام پروکائين را معرفي کردند که هنوز به ميزان زيادي به کار مي‌رود. و از آن بعد داروهاي بيحس کننده متعددي ساخته شد. ولي در کل مي‌توان گفت تقريبا اين ترکيبات روابط ساختماني نسبت به کوکائين نشان مي‌دهند و مي‌توان آنها را به عنوان اشکال ساده‌تر اين مولکول در نظر گرفت.

اثرات كوتاه مدت آن مشابه آمفتامين است ولي با مدت زمان كوتاهتر، احساس افزايش انرژي، چابكي و سرخوشي زياد مي كند، از جمله اثرات آن پس از مصرف عبارت است از: افزايش ضربان قلب، نبض، تنفس، درجه حرارت بدن، فشار خون، گشادگي مردمك چشم، پريدگي رنگ، كاهش اشتها، تعرق شديد، تحريك و هيجان، بي قراري، لرزش به خصوص در دستها، توهمات شديد حسي، عدم هماهنگي حركات، اغتشاش دماغي، گيجي، درد پا، فشار قفسه سينه، تهوع، تيرگي بينايي، تب، اسپاسم عضله، تشنج و مرگ.
در حالت قطع ماده نيز افسردگي شديد حادث مي شود. ناخالصي كوكايين خيابان اغلب موجب حساسيت و آلرژي شديد مي شود كه معمولا با آب ريزش بيني و بي خوابي شديد همراه است. در مسموميت حاد با كوكايين، فرد مصرف كننده دچار بي قراري و تشويش، هيجان، شوريدگي فكر و اختلال تنفسي مي گردد. ضربان، تنفس و فشار خون فرد افزايش مي يابد.

Peyote-Lophophora williamsii کاکتوس پیوت یا کاکتوس مقدس

2011-03-15T06:12:00.000-07:00

Lophophora williamsii is a small cactus native
to Mexico, Texas and New Mexico.
Growing instructions
Sow seeds in sandy soil. Do not cover the
small seeds, but press gentle into the earth.
Keep seeds in constant moisture with
temperatures of about 20 °C (68 °F). In
winter, the dormant period, plants should be watered very

Sowing of peyote and other cacti

Seeds of Peyote and other cacti pullulate on warm humid
conditions. Hence the danger of putrescence is high
Therefore sabulous soil or pure sand are beneficial
with sowing of cacti.
For germination cacti need relatively much humidity
and light, a kind of „tropical climate“. They react
very sensitiv to direct sunlight and waterlogging.
A very approved method is sowing Peyote
in a preserving jar. A jar will be filled with a layer
of perlite, seramis, vermiculit or another
drainig material. On top of this comes a layer of sand
on which the seeds will be strewed covered
with a very gauzy layer of translucent
glass sand / arenaceous quartz.
Moisten it enough and cover the jar hermetically
with a polythene foil and leave it at a bright place
protected from direct solar irridation.
Neither air nor humidity can escape and
both should last for the first weeks or even months.
In case mould appears the jar needs to be
ventilated! As soon as the peyote cacti are
about 1 cm high the foil can be carefully taken
away – bit by bit during several days so the plants
can get used to sunlight.
Many friends of cacti bate the sees with
germ repressive agents to avoid putrescence.
Most of the time the seeds are swayed in a powdery agent.
Lophophora Williamsii is a small, grey-green, spineless, napiform cactus possessing remarkable narcotic properties8 rarely exceeding fifteen centimeters in length and five or six in diameter at the top. The chlorophyll-bearing crown is less than one quarter the length of the plant. Peyote plants are normally unicephalous, but age and injury may cause them to become polycephalous, assuming bizarre shapes, often resembling a deerhoof imprint, a circumstance which may account for the close association of peyote with the deer in Mexican Indian mythology.9 The crown is divided into from five to thirteen broad, rounded ribs, separated by straight or spiral furrows. Transverse grooves may divide the ribs into a number of low, polyhedral tubercles, each bearing an areola from which grows a tuft of matted hairs. These tufts of greyish-white, wooly hairs give a lanuginous appearance to the plant which is of importance in etymological considerations.10 The flowers, varying from red to pink or white, are borne on the apical areolae at the top of the crown during June and July. When the crowns of peyote are cut off and dried, they form the so-called mescal buttons which are eaten in the ceremony.
Lophophora Williamsii is not a rare plant. It grows on both banks of the Rio Grande and in scattered places in Aguas Calientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Nuevo Léon, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas. The Indians of Mexico and the southern plains make annual “pilgrimages” to gather it. Those tribes too distant to visit the peyote-fields procure their supplies by mail from merchants in lower Texas who deal exclusively in mescal buttons.
The narcotic properties of peyote have attracted wide attention. Peyote-intoxication is divisible into two general phases: a period of contentment and over-sensitivity, and a period of nervous calm and muscular sluggishness, often accompanied by hypocerebrality, colored visual hallucinations, and abnormal synæsthesiæ.11 11. Cushny, Pharmacology and Therapeutics; W. E. Dixon, Physiological Action of the Alkaloids; Guttmann, Artificial Psychoses; Hare, Caspari, and Rusby, National Dispensatory; Rouhier, La plante qui fait les yeux émerveillés; Schultes, Peyote (Lophophora Williamsii [Le make] Coulter) and its Uses; Wood, Remington, and Sadtler, Dispensatory.
The pharmacological literature is scattered and voluminous. Since the bibliography of this paper is not intended to be a complete reference list to peyote literature, but merely the most pertinent, only the more important pharmacological sources have been included. 12. Beringer, Meskalinrausch; Guttmann, Artificial Psychoses; Klüver, Mescal. 13. Klüver, Mescal. 14. Beringer, Meskalinrausch; Fernberger, Further Observations. Alterations in tactile sensation, very slight muscular incoordination, disturbances in space and time perception, and auditory hallucinations may accompany severe peyote-intoxication.12 The most striking characteristic, however, is the occasionally induced peyote vision which is often fantastically colored.13
Peyote-intoxication is unique in that during it consciousness is not lost, control of the limbs and senses is maintained, there is no tendency to commit acts of violence, and seldom do uncomfortable effects accompany or follow it. These characteristics are reported in the literature, and I have observed them in the field.
Many investigators agree that peyote is not a habit-forming narcotic. Its use is productive of little social and moral degradation or physical harm, notwithstanding statements to the contrary. The assertions so often made concerning its aphrodisiac properties have been disproved. Furthermore, there is experimental evidence which suggests that it is definitely anaphrodisiacal.14
The narcotic and medicinal properties of peyote are traceable to active principles contained in the tissues of the plant. From four to eight alkaloids may be present in varying amounts and proportions: mescaline, anhalonine, anhalonidine, pellotine, lophophorine, anhalamine, anhalinine, and anhalidine.15 15. Schultes, Peyote (Lophophora Williamsii [Lemaire] Coulter) and its Uses. Several of the alkaloids of Lophophora Williamsii have found minor uses in modern medicine.
In the ceremony, peyote is eaten dry, but occasionally fresh plants are consumed.16 16. Shonle (Peyote) states: “Lumholtz does not emphasize the visions in his accounts of the Tarahumare and Huichol, probably because these tribes obtain the fresh peyote used by the more northern tribes and which has therefore caused the dance to be the central feature of the ceremony rather than the quiet meditation andvisions. But wherever the dried peyote is used, the vision predominates.” in this connection, it must be pointed out that dried peyote is used in Mexico and that I have not been able to discover any difference in physiological action between the fresh and the dried peyote. Since the anhalonium alkaloids are non-volatile, it is not to be expected that desiccation of the plant tissue would have any effect on their concentration. Therefore, the difference in expression of peyote worship in Mexico and the United States cannot be attributed to a physiological effect of the plant, but, it seems to me, must be due to the ceremonial background into which peyote was naturalized in the Plains culture area. 17. Mooney, Mescal Plant Ceremony. 18. Diguet, Les cactacées utiles. 19. V. A. Reko, Magische Gifte-, Rausch- und Genussmittel. 20. Benedict, Visions in Plains Culture. The dried mescal buttons keep indefinitely and are stored in bags for use. They possess a very bitter taste, but in spite of this, they are chewed and swallowed in great number by peyotists. The smallest consumption by a single person is about four buttons at each meeting. It is impossible to estimate the largest, but I have seen an Indian eat more than thirty at one ceremony. Other investigators17 report doses as large as ninety buttons. An estimate of the average consumption, however, would probably be about twelve buttons by each person at a single meeting.
Occasionally, mescal buttons are steeped in water, and the resulting “peyote tea” is drunk. This tea is widely used both in the ceremony and in daily life when peyote is administered medicinally. In Mexico, fresh peyote is ground on a metate, and the resulting thick brown liquid is drunk.18 Mexican Indians sometimes add peyote, thus prepared, to alcoholic fruit juices to produce a delirious intoxication.19 This use of Lophophora Williamsii, however, should not lead to its confusion with mescal, the alcoholic Agave-brandy prepared from Agave spp.
The emphasis on the curing powers of peyote is as great among the northern Indians who use it as it is among the Indians of Mexico. The Kiowa and Comanche, for example, the earliest recipients of peyote on the plains, rely on the cactus as a panacea. Among the Oklahoma tribes with which I worked, I found that there is hardly a disease which is not believed to be curable with peyote. Some of the ills listed as responding to peyote were tuberculosis, pneumonia, scarlet fever, intestinal ills, diabetes, rheumatic pains, colds, grippe, fevers, and venereal diseases. Among the Kiowa, partly masticated mescal buttons are packed around an aching tooth. The Delaware also practice this type of dental therapy.39 39. Petrullo, Diabolic Root. A Shawnee informed me that peyote tea was a good antiseptic wash for open wounds and a soothing liniment if applied warm to an aching limb. It is used “as white man uses aspirin.” Mooney observed: “I have also seen an Indian eat one between meals as a sort of appetizer.”40 40. Mooney, Mescal Plant Ceremony. Several mescal buttons are given three times during childbirth among the Kiowa, Kickapoo, Shawnee, and probably other Plains tribes. The frequent use of peyote as a medicine has led to the statement that the plant is employed as a habit-narcotic, but field investigators deny that this is so
View of base of crown (the central perforation is for stringing for transportation).
An historical survey of the peyote cult in America indicates that, with few exceptions, the first peyote leader of a tribe was converted as the result of a cure and not through a quest for visions. Once converted, he usually tried to impress his friends with the remarkable virtues of the new plant. From a position of indifference or actual hostility, many of the first advocates of the peyote cult became ardent supporters of the religion centering around it. These advocates, likewise, encountered strong opposition from the older and more conservative elements in the tribe. With such powerful forces to fight, peyote leaders would naturally make use of the most influential recommendations that peyote possessed. In the healing power of Lophophora Williamsii, the peyotists found an appeal which completely swept aside conservative opposition and paved the way for rapid acceptance of the plant and its cult. Radin has emphasized this as follows:
In the early days of the peyote cult, it appears that Rave relied principally for new converts upon the knowledge of the great curative virtue of the peyote. The main point, apparently, was to induce people to try it, and I hardly believe that any amount of preaching of its direct effects, such as the hyper-stimulation induced, the glorious visions, and the feeling of relaxation following, would ever have induced prominent members of the medicine bands to do so. For that reason, it is highly significant that all the older members of the peyote speak of the diseases of which it cured them. Along this line lay unquestionably its appeal for the first converts.42 42. Radin, Peyote Cult of the Winnebago.
Of the records of early peyote leaders, only one (John Wilson) indicates that the vision was considered as an appeal, and, in Wilson’s case, the curative properties of peyote were stressed as much, if not more, than the vision. Elk Hair, who simultaneously with John Wilson introduced peyote to the Delaware, consistently refused to eat peyote, although he was critically ill. Finally, however, he submitted to the pleas of friends to have a peyote ceremony for his recovery. The “cure” was successful, and Elk Hair became an ardent peyotist.43 43. Petrullo, Diabolic Root.
Wilson introduced a slightly different type of ceremony to the Delaware. He was not converted through a cure, but became acquainted with peyote through a deliberate effort to learn its virtues. He went into seclusion and spent several weeks in a continuous peyote intoxication, during which time he was “continually translated in spirit to the sky-realm where he was conducted by peyote.”44 44. Speck, Notes on the Life of John Wilson.
The Wilson ceremony is dominant among the Delaware today, and Petrullo feels that the reason for the failure of Elk Hair’s ceremony was due to the fact that “he preached the old religion, and offered only another medico-religious cult,” whereas Wilson “brought to his people a new religion, a hope of building anew, a definite severance with the past.” This may be true to a slight extent, but it is clear that Delaware peyotism, like that of other American Indian tribes, is essentially a medico-religious cult. Petrullo calls attention to this fact himself when he says:
Thus, the peyotist subjects himself to the peyote intoxication, to prayer and concentration on religious matters for twelve and eighteen hours for the sake of helping a fellow man. By concerted effort, by attaining purity, by appealing to peyote, the devotees hope to win the attention of the spirit-forces and their intercession for the sick person. The personal enlightenment and other benefits that may come to one in the course of the meeting are merely incidental in relation to the major objective of effecting a cure.
This statement suggests that the element of curing and health is fundamental to Delaware peyotism.
Wilson himself considered peyote a great medicine, although his own conversion was not through a cure.
[He] approved the use of native herbal remedies, saying that they would do good, but he pointed out that as the peyote worshipper progressed in knowledge, he could ignore the effects of the native pharmacopeia and effect his cures upon himself and others by the sole use of peyote.45 45. Speck, Notes on the Life of John Wilson.
Rave preached about the healing properties of peyote while introducing it among the Winnebago. Like other early peyotists, he had experienced visions, but did not consider them fundamental. Radin emphatically stated:
The first and foremost virtue preached by Rave for the peyote was its curative power. He gives a number of instances in which hopeless venereal diseases and consumption were cured by its use; and this to the present day is the first thing one hears about.46 46. Radin, Peyote Cult of the Winnebago.
This appeal of Lophophora Williamsii as a medicine may be duplicated in almost every tribe regarding whose peyote ceremony sufficient is known. Among the Kickapoo, Kiowa, Shawnee, and Wichita, I heard constant references to the fact that early peyote leaders in the tribes had experienced the curative powers of the plant and had taught of its medicinal virtues.
It is true that the therapeutic appeal is as vital and as influential today as it was fifty years ago. Many of the young peyote devotees whom I interviewed are sincere in their belief in the supremacy of peyote as a medicine. Their faith in the plant extends far beyond its value as a physical medicament, and the enthusiasm with which they described cure after cure indicated clearly that conditions have changed little in this respect from the early days of the cult. Many who stray away from the peyote religion return to its folds in times of sickness and remain faithful when health is restored. La Barre47 47. La Barre, Autobiography of a Kiowa Indian. reports the case of a boy who, having left the peyote cult in his youth, returned to it during sickness twenty years later. This is probably not uncommon and it serves to illustrate once again the importance of the belief in peyote as a guardian and restorer of health.

Description: Globular spineless cactus with large tap root.
Stem: Pale grey-green to yellow-green, usually lacking well defined ribs and furrows.
Ribs: 5 to 13 the podaria are rarely elevated, but are broad and flat.
Areoles: With tufts of hairs that usually spread unequally on the prominent podaria.
Flowers: Commonly pale to dark pink ( or rarely pinkish white), reaching over 4 centimeter in diameter.

In habitat Lophophora fricii is a very mutable species. It´s hardly to find two similar plants at one location. Particularly in terms of the bloom they are different at the same locations.

Propagation: Seeds. Seeds should be sown in spring in sterile cacti mix. Cover with a humidity dome or plastic wrap and leave in a warm spot in 50-75% shade. Fluctuating temperatures are best (ie. high day temperature and low night temperature) as they simulate the desert environment. Keep constantly humid as seedlings cannot survive if to dry. Seedlings will emerge in 7-21 days and can be grown in the same environment for a number of months. Mulch with thin layer of small quartz gravel (1-2mm diameter) this helps them stay upright, hinders algae growth and regulates moisture. As they get older the watering can become less frequent. Potting up can be done when 5-10mm in diameter.

Cultivation: Slow growing. Because of the tap root they are very rot prone, so use highly gritty compost with much drainage. Requires half shade to part sun. Watering: watering should be rather infrequent to keep the plant compact and avoid it becoming excessively elongated and unnatural in appearance. Watering it properly is often difficult, because this plant tends to crack open or rot if over-watered. The fact that the plant retracts into the soil and assumes a grey-green colouring between watering, is perfectly natural, and doesn’t cause any damage.
Overwatering: Keep completely dry and cool in winter (An unheated greenhouse would be perfect) or when night temperatures remain below 10° C, it can survive low temperatures (appr. -7°C) for a short period. Assure a good ventilation.

PEYOTE (lophophora williamsii), an unobtrusive cactus that grows in rocky deserts, is the most spectacular hallucinogenic plant of the New World. It is also one of the earliest known. The Aztecs used it, calling it peyotl.
Peyote is a small, fleshy, spineless cactus with a rounded gray-green top, tufts of white hair, and a long carrotlike root. It rarely exceeds 7-1/2 inches in length or 3 inches across. The Indians cut off the crowns to sun-dry into brown, discoidal "mescal buttons" that last long periods and can be shipped to distant points for use. When the top is severed, the plant often sprouts new crowns so that many-headed peyotes are common
To graft Peyote, choose a fast growing collumnular cacti as the grafting stock. Most collumnular cacti will be fine, but Trichocereus pachanoi and Myrtillocactus geometrizans are both excellent choices because they are fast growing, water tolerant, and reasonably spineless. Unless you have no choice, do not use stock plants grown from seed. They often taper at the base, and may topple once used for grafting, rooted cuttings from these plants will be far more stable.

Perform a flat graft on Peyote. Under optimum conditions, the graft will heal within days and new growth may be seen within weeks (although this may take considerably longer). As with other slow growing cacti, grafted Peyote may become bloated or mishaped due to increased growth rate. Once your grafted Peyote has reached flowering size and possibly has side pups, you may wish to remove the Peyote scion from the stock and reroot it on it's own roots for a beautifully productive parent plant.
Soil Mixtures

Peyote will do well in any free draining compost mix. Although to promote flowering it is recommended to add Gypsum or Dolomite. Calcium is also thought to benefit Peyote. A good mix would be:

USE OF PEYOTE BY THE AZTECS was described by Spanish chroniclers. One reported that those who ate it saw frightful visions and remained drunk for two or three days; that it was a common food of the Chichimeca Indians, "sustaining them and giving them courage to fight and not feel fear nor hunger nor thirst; and they say that it protects them from all danger." In 1591, another chronicler wrote that the natives who eat it "lose their senses, see visions of terrifying sights like the devil, and are able to prophesy their future with 'satanic trickery.' "
Dr. Hernández, the physician to the King of Spain, described the cactus as Peyotl zacatecensis and wrote of its "wonderful properties." He took note of its small size and described it by saying that "it scarcely issues from the earth, as if it did not wish to harm those who find and eat it." Recent archaeological finds of peyote buttons in the state of Texas are approximately 1 ,000 years old. OPPOSITION TO THE USE OF PEYOTE by the Aztecs was strong among the Spanish conquerors. One early Spanish church document likened the eating of peyote to cannibalism. Upset by the religious hold that peyote had on the Indians, the Spanish tried, with great vigor but little success, to stamp out its use.
By 1720, the eating of peyote was prohibited throughout Mexico. But despite four centuries of civil and ecclesiastical persecution, the use and importance of peyote have spread beyond its early limited confines. Today it is so strongly anchored in native lore that even Christianized Indians believe that a patron saint—El Santo Niño de Peyotl—walks on the hills where peyote grows.
There is continuing opposition in certain religious organizations in the United States to the Indians' use of peyote as a ceremonial sacrament. Nevertheless, the federal government has never seriously questioned or interfered with the practice since it is essentially a religious one. Those tribes living far from sources of peyote—some as far north as Canada—can legally import mescal buttons by mail. Despite constitutional guarantees separating church and state, however, a few states have enforced repressive laws against even the religious use of peyote

RELIGIOUS IMPORTANCE OF PEYOTE persists among the Tarohumare, Huichol, and other Mexican Indians. The Tarahumare believe that when Father Sun left earth to dwell above, he left peyote, or hikuli, to cure man's ills and woes; thot peyote sings and talks as it grows; that when gathered it sings happily in its bags all the way home; and that God speaks through the plant in this way.
Many legends about the supernatural powers of peyote underlie its religious importance. It might be esteemed merely as an everyday medicine, but it hos been exalted to a position of near-divinity. The peyote-collecting trip of the Huichols, for example, is highly religious, requiring pilgrims to forego adult experiences, especially sexual, for it reenacts the first peyote quest of the divine ancestors. The pilgrims must confess in order to become spirit and enter into the sacred country through the gateway of clashing clouds, a journey which, according to their tradition, repeats the "journey of the soul of the dead to the underworld

Luxuriant visual- and auditory hallucinations, alteration in space- and time perception, sensations of weightlessness, macropsia, depersonalisation. Mescaline has stimulating effects in lower- and sedative effects in higher doses.
Autonomic changes: nausea, pupillary dilation, increased pulse rate and blood pressure, elevated body temperature, profuse sweating, tremor and the threshold for elicitation of the knee jerk is decreased.

Duration:
The effects appear within two hours after ingestion and last for four to twelve hours.

Dosage and preparation:
The chlorophyllous part of the cactus (buttons) should be cut from the root and can be chewed fresh, or in their dried state, but it can also be prepared as a tea.

4-30 buttons produce psychedelic effects. Fresh peyote contains 0.4 % mescaline per weight, dried buttons 2.74-3.7%. Mescaline itself is fysiologically active between 200-500mg.

Botanical aspects:
L. Williamsii belongs to Cactaceae; Cactoideae, Tribus Cerereae, subtribus Echinocacteninae. It is indigenous to central Mexico and teritory noth to southern Texas and New Mexico. Peyote is a small gray-green desert cactus, which has tufts of cotton like material instead of thorns. Its white/pink flowers appear from the centre of the top and after pollination pink seed capsules appear. Reproduction follows through seeds. Seed germination requires a humid, warm environment (18-25 °C) and may last up to several weeks
Peyote was first described botanically in 1845 and called Echinocactus williamsii. It has been given many other technical names. The one used most commonly by chemists has been Anhalonium lewinii. Most botanists now agree peyote belongs in a distinct genus, Lophophora. There are two species: the widespread L. williamsii and the local L. diffusa in Querétaro.
Peyote is native to the Rio Grande valley of Texas and northern and central parts of the Mexican plateau. It belongs to the cactus family, Cactaceae, comprising some 2,000 species in 50 to 150 genera, native primarily to the drier parts of tropical America. Many species are valued as horticultural curiosities, and some have interesting folk uses among the Indians

EFFECTS OF PEYOTE on the mind and body are so utterly unworldly and fantastic that it is easy to understand the native belief that the cactus must be the residence of spirit forces or a divinity. The most spectacular of the many effects is the kaleidoscopic play of indescribably rich, colored visions. Hallucinations of hearing, feeling, and taste often occur as well.
The intoxication may be divided into two periods: one of contentment and extrasensitivity, followed by artificial calm and muscular sluggishness at which time the subject begins to pay less attention to his surroundings and increase his introspective "meditation.' Before visions appear, some three hours after eating peyote, there are flashes and scintillations in colors, their depth and saturation defying description. The visions often follow a sequence from geometric figures to unfamiliar and grotesque objects that vary with the individual.
Though the colored visual hallucinations undoubtedly underlie the rapid spread of the use of peyote, especially in those Indian cultures where the quest for visions has always been important, many natives assert that visions are "not good" and lack religious significance. Peyote's reputation as a panacea and all-powerful "medicine" - both in physical and psychic sense - may be equally responsible for its spread.

USE OF PEYOTE IN THE UNITED STATES first came to public attention about 1880 when the Kiowa and the Comanche Indians established a peyote ceremony derived from the Mexican but remodeled into a visionquest ritual typical of the Plains Indians. Use of peyote had been recorded earlier, in 1720, in Texas. How the use of peyote diffused from Mexico north, far beyond the natural range of the cactus, is not fully known. During the 1880's, many Indian missionaries were active in spreading the peyote ceremony from tribe to tribe. By 1920, the peyote cult numbered over 13,000 faithful in more than 30 tribes in North America. It was legally organized, partly for protection against fierce Christian - missionary persecution, into the Native American Church, which now claims 250,000 members. This cult, a combination of Christian and native elements, teaches brotherly love, high moral principles, and abstention from alcohol. It considers peyote a sacrament through which God manifests Himself to man.THE PEYOTE RITUAL as practiced by Indians in the United States varies somewhat from tribe to tribe. A typical Plains Indian ceremony takes place weekly in an all-night meeting in a teepee. Worshipers sit in a circle around a half-moon altar of sand (see p. 6) on which a large specimen called a "Father Peyote" is set and at which a sacred fire burns. The ashes are shaped into the form of a thunderbird. The ceremony, led by a "roadman,'' consists of chanting accompanied by rattle and drum, alternating with prayers, lessons, testimonies, and occasionally a curing ritual. At night dried peyote tops (mescal buttons) are moistened and swallowed—from 4 to 30 or more. The ritual ends with breakfast at down when the teepee is hauled down

A PEYOTE VISION was described by a scientist who experienced it as follows: " . . . clouds . . . Oil of pheasant turns into bright yellow star; star into sparks. Moving, scintillating screw; hundreds of screws. A sequence of rapidly changing objects in agreeable colors. A rotating wheel in the center of a silvery ground . . . The upper part of a man with a pale face and red cheeks, rising slowly from below. While I am thinking of a friend, the head of an Indian appears. Beads in different colors . . . so bright that I doubt my eyes are closed.... Yellow moss like saltwater taffy pierced by two teeth. Silvery water pouring downward, suddenly flowing upward . . . exploding shells turn into strange flowers . . . A drawing of a head turns into a mushroom, then a skeleton in lateral view . . . Head and legs are lacking . . . Soft, deep darkness with moving wheels and stars in . . . pleasant colors. Nuns in silver dress . .. quickly disappearing. Collection of bluish ink bottles with labels. Red, brownish, and violet threads running together in the center. Autumn leaves turning into mescal buttons . . . Man in greenish velvet jumping into a deep chasm. Strange animal turns into a piece of wood in horizontal position."

THE CHEMISTRY OF PEYOTE is extremely interesting and is still subject to intense study by chemists and pharmacologists. More than 30 active constituents have been found in the peyote tissues. They are mainly alkaloids of two types: phenylethylamines and isoquinolines. Much pharmacological and psychological research hos been done on mescaline, the alkaloid responsible for the colored visions, but the effects of most of the other constituents, alone or in combination, are not well understood

Cape gooseberry(Physalis peruvianus)-Tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa 'Rendidora')-Physalis(Physalis Alkekengi') کاکنج یا عروسک پس پرده

2011-03-15T06:10:00.001-07:00

How to grow Chinese Lanterns: Direct sow in garden in prepared soil in June or just barely cover indoors in peat pellets in March/April. Germinates in 14-30 days at 71-75F/22-24C. You can also try growing this like tomato, from transplanted germinated with warmth. Transplant to 18-24" apart. Grow in dappled sunlight/light woodland shade. It gets 24-30"/60-75cm tall. More lanterns are produced when the plant is not crowded, has rich soil, and gets sufficient sun, but full sun is usually too much for it. This plant spreads by underground runners that you can divide in the spring. Chinese lanterns can be aggressive, so grow it in a container if you don't want it taking over your garden, or you can surround it with grassy areas. However, this same invasiveness makes it a good groundcover. Slugs enjoy the young plants, so watch out for them. This plant is a perennial in zones 3-10 (-40F/-40C)

Closely related to the tomato, this purplish fruit is a common feature in many Mexican meals and salsas. Not until cooked does their aroma fully enfold
The sweetly scented berries of this plant are considered a delicacy
Growing instructions
Sow early spring indoors. Pot up the seedlings into individual pots as soon as the first true leaf appears and plant them out after the last expected frosts.

گیاهی است علفی و به ارتفاع 20 تا 60 سانتی متر که به حالت خودرو در زمینهای آهکی مزارع و بوستانها می روید دارای ساقه راست و زاویه دار به رنگ مایل به قرمز و برگهائی متناوب بادمبرگ دراز، بیضوی ، نوک تیز نامنظم و به رنگ سبز تیره دارد. گلهای آن که در فاصله ماههای خرداد، شهریور ظاهر می شود. معمولاً دارای وضع منفرد بر روی ساقه است و در راس دمگلی کوتاه و خمیده ظاهر می گردد. مادگی گلهای آن شامل تخمدانی ، بیضوی بی کرک و دو خانه می باشد و پس از رسیدن به میوه ای به صورت سته، به رنگ قرمز به بزرگی یک گیلاس و محصور در پرده ای قرمز رنگ تبدیل می گردد. این پرده که از بهم پیوستن و رشد کاسه گل بوجود می آید ظاهر زیبا به گیاه می بخشد. در داخل میوه این گیاه نیز دانه های متعدد کوچک، مسطح به رنگ مایل به سفید جای دارد. زمان گلدهی

فاصله ماههای خرداد تا شهریور تکثیر گیاه

پرورش عروسک پشت پرده بدین طریق است که دانه گیاه را ابتدا در قشری از خاک مرطوب و مناسب می کارند و پس از آنکه گیاه جوان حاصل شد آنرا به محل اصلی انتقال می دهند زمین های دارای آهک نسبتاً کافی برای پرورش آن مناسبند.

Overview

Physalis, also known as physalis angulata, physalis capsicifolia, mullaca, cape gooseberry and winter cherry, is an herb used in many diverse areas of the world. According to an online article published in the "Tropical Plant Database," physalis has been used medicinally in Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Taiwan, the West Indies and Jamaica, among other places across the globe. Though physalis is a flowering herbal plant, it is primarily the sap, stems, leaves, fruit and roots that are used for medicinal purposes. Physalis is purportedly used around the world for its anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-cancer and immune-modulator properties. It is considered safe to consume, but more controlled medical research is necessary to fully establish the efficacy and safety of physalis.

Tribal Uses

According to the "Tropical Plant Database," tribal uses for physalis in remote, wooded areas and rainforest areas is especially significant in Colombia, Brazil, Peru, the West Indies and Jamaica, where modern medical care is generally limited and not accessible. However, physalis is reportedly commonly used in these regions as a sort of panacea to treat asthma, malaria, as a pain reliever, to treat earaches, liver problems such as hepatitis, rheumatism, gonorrhea, fever, infertility, to prevent miscarriages, and to help heal post-partum infections. Tribal medicine is often based on trial and error, word of mouth and legend, rather than scientific medical facts, as is the case with modern medicine found in other parts of the world. It is important to consult a physician before taking physalis to prevent allergic reactions or any interference with other medications.

Modern Uses

Modern uses vary from country to country, including Taiwan using physalis to treat cancer, urinary insufficiency, fever, and liver diseases such as hepatitis, and Japan, which uses physalis to treat fever, colds, strep throat, swelling and urinary insufficiency. However, physalis use in the U.S. is limited by the fact that there is inadequate human research to prove the efficacy and safety of the herb, though animal studies reportedly indicate it is safe for human use. Few American controlled studies have been performed on this seemingly versatile herbal remedy.

Potential

Due to the overwhelming global use of physalis for a multitude of ailments, the medicinal potential for physalis appears to loom large. The few animal studies done as of 2010 have shown no toxic effects from physalis. However, until more medical research is done on this valuable herb, its potential may go unrealized in Western modern medicine.

Contraindications

It is important to note that preliminary studies reportedly show that the active ingredients in physalis are powerful flavonoids and alkaloids. Physalis may cause bleeding and should not be taken by people on blood thinners and hemophiliacs. Also, physalis may interfere with certain medications such as cardiac medications, especially those that lower blood pressure.
The physalis fruit is also known as the cape gooseberry, goldenberry or ground cherry. It is native to South America, but has been introduced to Hawaii and Australia and can be grown in California. The physalis berry is surrounded by a golden husk called a calyx, and the actual ripe fruit usually resembles a small tomato. Physalis is an excellent source of dietary fiber and vitamin C, according to Specialty Produce. Despite its exotic appearance, physalis is very easy to eat

Digitalis انگشتانه

2011-03-15T06:08:00.000-07:00

The beauty of this woolly Greek foxglove lies in the contrast of its dark veins of the white its flower. Caution: The whole plant is very poisonous and is particularly dangerous for children!Growing instructions
Evergreen biennial or perennial. Sow early spring indoors. Seeds need light for germination (don't cover). Pot up the seedlings into individual pots as soon as the first true leaf appears and plant them out after the last expected frosts. Prefers a sunny position.

گیاهی است زیبا، دوساله یا چند ساله و دارای ساقه ای راست
به ارتفاع یک متر و حتی بیشتر که در نواحی کوهستانی می روید.
ساقه بدون کرک و فقط ناحیه مجاور راس آن پوشیده از کرکهای پنبه ای است
. برگهای بیضوی کشیده، نوک تیز و به رنگ سبز تیره دارد.
پهنک برگهای آن، به پهنای 3 و به طول 27 تا 30 سانتی متر می باشد
و در سطح آنها 2 نوع کرک ترشحی و غیر ترشحی دیده می شود.
کاسه گل به رنگ زرد دیده می شود
از این گیاه به علت سمیت زیاد استفاده های درمانی زیادی نمی شود
و فقط برای رفع بعضی از عوارض قلبی مشابه دریچه میترال استفاده می گردد.
گلیکوزیدهای قلبی دیژیتالین ودیژیوتوکسین که از مهمترین
گلیکوزیدهای تقویت کننده ی قلبی می باشند از همین گیاه گرفته می شوند

این گیاه آب و هوای گرم وخشک را می پسندد ولی زمستانهای سخت را بدون اینکه خسارتی ببیند به خوبی تحمل می کند. بذور در 7 درجه سانتیگراد شروع به جوانی زنی می کنند. ولی بهترین درجه حرارت جوانه زنی 20-18 درجه سانتیگراد می باشد. جهت ورود به مرحله گلدهی، نیاز به نور و گرمای فراوان در طول دوره رویش خود دارد. این گیاه در صورتی که متوسط درجه حرارت روزانه کمتر از 15 درجه سانتیگراد باشد رشد نخواهد کرد . به شرایط اسیدی مقاوم بوده ودر صورتی که میزان بارندگی بیش از 650 میلی متر باشد بر روی رشد و میزان مواد موثره آن اثر سوء دارد . از لحاظ خاک نیاز به خاکهایی با بافت متوسط و غنی ازعناصر غذایی و نیز آهک دارد. خاکهای کاملا" شنی و نیزخاکهای خیلی مرطوب برای کشت این گیاه مناسب نمی باشندکشت و تولید گل انگشتانه : گونه های گل انگشتانه:1- گل انگشتانه ارغوانی Digitalis purpurea2- گل انگشتانه کرکدار Digitalis lanata مشخصات گیاه:گل انگشتانه ارغوانی بوته ای است استوار ،دو ساله و به ندرت ممکن است 3 تا 4 سال عمر کند.منشأ این گیاه غرب اروپا گزارش شده و در جنگلها ،بیشه زارها و جاهای مرطوب می روید.ریشه این گیاه مستقیم و طول ان 20 تا30 سانتی متر است. در سال اول رویش برگهای طوقه ای تخم مرغی شکل تشکیل میشود. تعداد برگهای طوقه ای در گیاهان خودرو 15تا 20 ،در حالی که در گیاهان اصلاح شده تعداد انها به 60تا 80 عدد می رسد.طول این برگها 50 سانتی متر و عرض انها 15 سانتی متر می باشد.رنگ برگ ها سبز تیره است،سطح انها نا صاف و دارای برجستگی و کم و بیش کرکدار است.در سال دوم رویش ،گیاهان پس از گذراندن سرمای زمستان به ساقه می روند.ارتفاع ساقه متفاوت و بین 100تا150 سانتی متر است.گلها در نواحی فوقانی ساقه ها تشکیل می شوند.گلها به شکل زنگوله و به رنگهای قرمز،سفید یا ارغوانی هستند. داخل گلها لکه های بنفش رنگی مشاهده می شود.برگهای پائینی دمبرگ کوتاهی دارند.میوه از نوع کپسول است و داخل ان تعداد زیادی بذر تشکیل می شود.رنگ بذر قرمز تیره و وزن هزار دانه 05/0 تا06/0 گرم است.برگها حاوی ماده موثره از نوع گلیکوزیدهای استروئیدی مغذی قلب (3/0 تا4/0 درصد)است.مهمترین انها عبارتند از :گلیکوزید آ و ب،دیجیتوکسین،جیتوکسین و جیتالوکسین. برگها همچنین حاوی مقادیر متفاوتی ساپونین به نامهای دیجیتونین،جیتونین و تیجونین می باشند.بذرها 3 الی 7 سال از قوه رویشی مناسبی برخوردارند که با گذشت زمان از کیفیت رویشی انها کاسته می شود. بذر ها 25 تا 30 روز پس از کاشت سبز می شوند.رویش گیاهان در سال اول بسیار کند و بطئی است و تنها برگهای طوقه ای تشکیل می شود . در سال دوم از اوایل بهار رویش سریع گیاه اغاز و اولین گلها در اواخر بهار ظاهر می شوند و گلدهی تا اوایل تابستان ادامه می یابد.میوه ها از اواسط مرداد تشکیل و به تدریج کامل می شوند.نیازهای اکولوژیکیمناطق جنگلی و مرطوب(رطوبت 70درصد)برای رویش این گیاه مطلوب است. خاکهایی با بافت متوسط غنی از مواد هوموسی خاکهای مناسبی برای تولید گل انگشتانه ارغوانی هستند . این گیاه در طی رویش به نور کافی نیاز دارد. نیاز ابی گل انگشتانه زیاد است و در مناطقی که بارندگی سالانه 600 تا 650 میلی متر باشد می توان آن را با موفقیت کشت کرد. این گیاه سرمای 4 درجه سانتی گراد را تحمل می کند ولی برای مدت طولانی قادر به تحمل درجه حرارتهای ایین نمی باشد . نتایج تحقیقات یکی از محققاننشان می دهد که این گیاه در اندونزی در ارتفاعات 1200 متر از سطح دریا به گل نمی رود. pH خاک برای گل انگشتانه ی ارغوانی بین 5/4 تا 2/8 مناسب است. مواد و عناصر غذایی مورد نیاز :مواد و عناصر غذایی مناسب نقش عمده ای در افزایش عملکرد برگ دارد. تحقیقات نشان می دهد کودهای حیوانی کاملا پوسیده سبب افزایش عملکرد برگ و ماده موثره ی آن می شود. محققان معتقدند افزودن 50 کیلوگرم در هکتار ازت در سال اول رویش (یک و نیم تا دوماه بعداز سبز شدن بذر) و 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار اکسید فسفر اوایل بهار سال دوم رویش نقش عمده ای در افزایش عملکرد دارد. آنها همچنین اظهار می دارند که کاربرد بیش از اندازه ی فسفر اگر چه ممکن است سبب افزایش سطح برگها شود ولی از میزان ماده موثره ی آن می کاهد. آماده سازی خاکفصل پاییز پس از افزودن کود حیوانی مورد نیاز شخمعمیقی زده می شود و اواخر زمستان باید زمین را تسطیح و بستر خاک را برای کاشت گیاه آماده نمود .زمین باید فاقد پستی وبلندی باشد زیرا آبا ایستایی سبب کاهش عملکرد می شود. تاریخ و فواصل کاشتزمان مناسب برای کاشت مستقیم بذر در زمین اصلی اواخر پاییز یا اوایل بهار (نیمه دوم اسفند) است . فقاصله ی ردیف های کاشت بین 45 تا 50 سانتی متر مناسب است. عمق بذر گل انگشتانه ارغوانی در موقع کاشت نباید بیش از نیم سانتی متر باشد .مقدار بذر مورد نیاز برای هر هکتار زمین 4 تا 5 کیلوگرم است . اوایل بهار (نیمه دوم اسفند) زمانمناسبی برای کاشت بذرها در خزانه هوای ازاد است. بذرها در ردیف هایی به فاصله 10 سانتی متر و به عمق نیم سانتی متر کشت می شوند. روش کاشتکاشت گل انگشتانه به وسیله ی بذر و به دو روش مستقیمو غیر مستقیم انجام می گیرد . به منظور افزایش قوه ی نامیه توصیه می شود بذرها را دو تا سه روز در آب با دمای 30 درجه سانتی گراد خیساند. کشت مستقیم : در زمان مناسب اقدام به کشت ردیفی بذر در زمین اصلی می شود . در هر متر طول باید 70 تا 80 عدد بذر قرار گیرد . پس از کاشت بلافاصله زمین را باید آبیاری نمود . کشت غیر مستقیم : اوایل بهار بذرها را در خزانه ای که بستر آن کاملا آماده شده است کشت می کنیم . بافت خاک خزانه باید متوسط و غنی از ترکیبات هوموسی باشد. آبیاری منظم سطح خزانه و وجین علفهای هرز آن ضرورت دارد . چون این گیاه دوساله است و کاشت غیر مستقیم آن هزینه زیادی را می طلبد از این رو کشت مستقیم گونه های مختلف گل انگشتانه توصیه می شود. مراقبت ونگهداریرشد اولیه گل انگشتانه ارغوانی بسیار کند و بطئی است و علفهای هرز در این مرحله کسترش خواهند داشت . از اینرو مبارزه با علفهای هرز در طول رویش گیاهان ضروری است . قبل از کاشت هم از علفکش داکتال به مقدار 8 تا 10 کیلوگرم در هکتار می توان استفاده نمود . بعد از کشت و قبل از رویش بذرها نیز از علفکش گراماکسون 8 درصد می توان استفاده کرد. مبارزه شیمیایی با علفهای هرز به تنهایی کافی نیست و در طول رویش گیاهان 2 تا 3 بار با استفاده از کولتویواتور باید اقدام به وجین علفهای هرز نمود. آفات ممکن است خساراتی را به بار آورند . برای مبارزه با افات می توان از آفتکش های مناسب مانند محلول BI58 استفاده کرد. برداشت محصولنظر محققان در مورد زمان برداشت برگ گل انگشتانه ارغوانی مختلف است . یکی از محققان معتقد است که باید در سال دوم رویش و در مرحله گلدهی برگها را برداشت کرد. در حالی که عده ای دیگر اظهار می دارند که هیچ تفاوتی از نظر ماده موثره بین برگهای برداشت شده در سال اول و سال دوم رویش وجود ندارد . تحقیقات در همینمورد نشان می دهد که برگهای طوقه ای برداشت شده در سال اول از نظر گلیکوزید بسیار غنی تر از برگهای برداشت شده در سال دوم رویش است. پس از برداشت بلافاصله باید به خشککردن برگها اقدام نمود . دمای مناسب برای خشککردن برگها 80 درجه سانتی گراد است . تحقایقات نشان می دهد وجود آنزیم های تجزیه کننده گلیکوزید مانند دیژی پورپوراز در برگ سبب تغییر شکل و از بین رفتن گلیکوزیدها می شود . این آنزیم ها در دمای 50 تا 60 درجه سانتی گرتد فعال هستند . چنانچه گیاهان در دمای 80 درجه سانتی گراد خشک شوند این آنزیم ها نیز تجزیه می شوند . مقدار عملکرد برگ خشک 5/1 تا 2 تن در هکتار و مقدار بذر تولیدی هر هکتار 250 تا 350 کیلوگرم می باشد. داروهای تولید شده از این گیاهدر حال حاضر صنایع داروسازی برخی کشورهای غربی از مواد موثره ی این گیاه داروهایی به نام ایزولانید و کاردینوکسین تولید و به بازار دارویی عرضه می کنند

Yellow belladonna (Atropa belladonna var. lutea)-Belladonna (Atropa belladonna var. belladonna) بلادون-گیلاس جادو

2011-03-15T06:04:00.000-07:00

Common Names: Deadly Nightshade, Dwale, Nightshade, Deadly, Nwar Boton, banewort, witches berry, sorcerer's berry, death's herb, devil's cherries Danger: The whole plant, and especially the root, is very poisonous. Even handling the plant has been known to cause problems if the person has cuts or grazes on the hand. The plant is particularly dangerous for children since the fruit looks attractive and has a sweet taste. The toxins are concentrated in the ripe fruit.
Habitat: Woods, thickets and hedges, mainly on calcareous soils
Magickal Uses: *Poison* Feminine. Saturn. Water. Deities: Hecate, Bellona, Circe
Highly toxic. All parts of the plant are extremely poisonous. Encourages astral projection and produces visions, but belladonna is best avoided. A primary ingredient in flying ointments. Used in funeral rituals to aspurge the circle, helping the deceased to let go and move forward. Used to invoke Circe. Gather berries when they are ripe (around Samhain.) Store with onyx. Medicinally, it has been used as a sedative.
As every part of the plant is extremely poisonous, neither leaves, berries, nor root should be handled if there are any cuts or abrasions on the hands. The root is the most poisonous, the leaves and flowers less so, and the berries, except to children, least of all. It is said that an adult may eat two or three berries without injury, but dangerous symptoms appear if more are taken, and it is wiser not to attempt the experiment. Though so powerful in its action on the human body, the plant seems to affect some of the lower animals but little. Rabbits, sheep, goats and swine eat the leaves with impunity, and birds often eat the seeds without any apparent effect, but cats and dogs are very susceptible to the poison. -- Grieve's Modern Herbal
Edible Uses: NONE
Medicinal Uses: Analgesic; Antidote; Antispasmodic; Diuretic; Hallucinogenic; Homeopathy; Mydriatic; Narcotic; Sedative. Although it is poisonous, deadly nightshade has a long history of medicinal use and has a wide range of applications, in particular it is used to dilate the pupils in eye operations, to relieve intestinal colic and to treat peptic ulcers. The plant can be used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, reducing tremors and rigidity whilst improving speech and mobility. It has also been used as an antidote in cases of mushroom or toadstool poisoning. This is a very poisonous plant, it should be used with extreme caution and only under the supervision of a qualified practitioner.
All parts of the plant are analgesic, antidote, antispasmodic, diuretic, hallucinogenic, mydriatic, narcotic and sedative. The root is the most active part of the plant, it is harvested in the autumn and can be 1 - 3 years old, though the older roots are very large and difficult to dig up[4, 7]. The leaves are harvested in late spring and dried for later use. All parts of the plant contain tropane alkaloids. The leaves contain on average 0.4% active alkaloids, whilst the root contains around 0.6%. The alkaloid content also varies according to the development of the plant, being low when the plant is flowering and very high when bearing green berries. These alkaloids inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system which controls involuntary body activities. This reduces saliva, gastric, intestinal and bronchial secretions, as well as the activity of the urinary tubules, bladder and intestines. An extract of the plant has been used as eyedrops. It has the effect of dilating the pupils thus making it easier to perform eye operations. In the past women used to put the drops in their eyes in order to make them look larger and thus 'more beaufiful'. The entire plant, harvested when coming into flower, is used to make a homeopathic remedy. This is used especially in cases where there is localised and painful inflammation that radiates heat. It is also used to treat sunstroke and painful menstruation.
Cultivation: Succeeds in any well-drained moisture retentive soil in sun or partial shade. Prefers a calcareous soil. When grown as a medicinal plant, the highest levels of the medically active alkaloids are obtained from plants growing on a light, permeable chalky soil, especially when on a southwest facing slope. The highest concentrations are also formed when the plant is growing in a sunny position and in hot summers. The northerly limits of cultivation are about 50 - 55° north and at an altitude between 100 - 200 metres. This species is widely cultivated, especially in eastern Europe, for the medically active compounds it contains. These are used in the drugs industry to produce a range of medicines. Plants tend to be short-lived. Slugs are very fond of this plant and have been known to completely remove the outer bark from the stems.
Propagation: Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame. Germination of stored seed is slow and erratic, usually taking 1 - 6 months at 10°c. When they are large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter. Plant them out into their permanent positions in late spring or early summer, after the last expected frosts. Cuttings of softwood terminal shoots in spring. Root cuttings in winter
---Description---The root is thick, fleshy and whitish, about 6 inches long, or more, and branching. It is perennial. The purplishcoloured stem is annual and herbaceous. It is stout, 2 to 4 feet high, undivided at the base, but dividing a little above the ground into three - more rarely two or four branches, each of which again branches freely.
The leaves are dull, darkish green in colour and of unequal size, 3 to 10 inches long, the lower leaves solitary, the upper ones in pairs alternately from opposite sides of the stem, one leaf of each pair much larger than the other, oval in shape, acute at the apex, entire and attenuated into short petioles.
First-year plants grow only about 1 1/2 feet in height. Their leaves are often larger than in full-grown plants and grow on the stem immediately above the ground. Older plants attain a height of 3 to 5 feet, occasionally even 6 feet, the leaves growing about 1 to 2 feet from the ground.
The whole plant is glabrous, or nearly so, though soft, downy hairs may occur on the young stems and the leaves when quite young. The veins of the leaves are prominent on the under surface, especially the midrib, which is depressed on the upper surface of the leaf.
The fresh plant, when crushed, exhales a disagreeable odour, almost disappearing on drying, and the leaves have a bitter taste, when both fresh and dry.
The flowers, which appear in June and July, singly, in the axils of the leaves, and continue blooming until early September, are of a dark and dingy purplish colour, tinged with green, large (about an inch long), pendent, bell-shaped, furrowed, the corolla with five large teeth or lobes, slightly reflexed. The five-cleft calyx spreads round the base of the smooth berry, which ripens in September, when it acquires a shining black colour and is in size like a small cherry. It contains several seeds. The berries are full of a dark, inky juice, and are intensely sweet, and their attraction to children on that account, has from their poisonous properties, been attended with fatal results. Lyte urges growers 'to be carefull to see to it and to close it in, that no body enter into the place where it groweth, that wilbe enticed with the beautie of the fruite to eate thereof.' And Gerard, writing twenty years later, after recounting three cases of poisoning from eating the berries, exhorts us to 'banish therefore these pernicious plants out of your gardens and all places neare to your houses where children do resort.' In September, 1916, three children were admitted to a London hospital suffering from Belladonna poisoning, caused, it was ascertained, from having eaten berries from large fruiting plants of Atropa Belladonna growing in a neighbouring public garden, the gardener being unaware of their dangerous nature, and again in 1921 the Norwich Coroner, commenting on the death of achild from the same cause, said that he had had four not dissimilar cases previously.
It is said that when taken by accident, the poisonous effects of Belladonna berries may be prevented by swallowing as soon as possible an emetic, such as a large glass of warm vinegar or mustard and water. In undoubted cases of this poisoning, emetics and the stomach-pump are resorted to at once, followed by a dose of magnesia, stimulants and strong coffee, the patient being kept very warm and artificial respiration being applied if necessary. A peculiar symptom in those poisoned by Belladonna is the complete loss of voice, together with frequent bending forward of the trunk and continual movements of the hands and fingers, the pupils of the eye becoming much dilated.

This very rare type of nightshade carries yellow blossom and fruit. Caution: The whole plant is very poisonous and is particularly dangerous for children!The tention of a name which combines the Greek Goddess of destiny Atropos with bella donna, Latin for beautiful lady, speaks for itself. Caution: The whole plant is very poisonous and is particularly dangerous for children!Growing instructions
This plant is a cold-germinator. The sowing must be kept cold for a period of some weeks (refrigerator) or you sow them in very early spring or autumn. Mix the seeds with damp sand in a plastic bag. The sowing must be kept warm (about 20°C / 64 to 72°F and moist for the first 2-4 weeks. After this period place it in your refrigerator at a temperature of 5°C (between 25 and 39°F) for 5 to 6 weeks. After that take the bag out and keep it at room temperature. Check for sprouted seed regulary.
Cultivation---Belladonna herb and root are sold by analysis, the value depending upon the percentage of alkaloid contained. A wide variation occurs in the amount of alkaloid present. It is important, therefore, to grow the crop under such conditions of soil and temperature as are likely to develop the highest percentage of the active principle. In connexion with specimens of the wild plant, it is most difficult to trace the conditions which determine the variations, but it has been ascertained that a light, permeable and chalky soil is the most suitable for this crop. This, joined to a south-west aspect on the slope of a hill, gives specially good results as regards a high percentage of alkaloids. The limits of growth of Belladonna are between 50 degrees and 55 degrees N. Lat. and an altitude of 300 to 600 feet, though it may descend to sealevel where the soil is calcareous, especially where the drainage is good and the necessary amount of shade is found. The question of suitability of soil is especially important. Although the cultivated plant contains less alkaloid than that which grows wild, this in reality is only true of plants transported to a soil unsuited to them. It has been found, on the contrary, that artificial aids, such as the judicious selection of manure, the cleansing and preparation of the soil, destruction of weeds, etc., in accordance with the latest scientific practice, have improved the plants in every respect, not only in bulk, but even in percentage weight of alkaloidal contents.
Authorities differ on the question of manuring. Some English growers manure little if the plants are strong, but if the soil is really poor, or the plants are weak, the crop may be appreciably increased by the use of farmyard manure, or a mixture of nitrate of soda, basic slag and kainit. Excellent results have been obtained in experiments, by treating with basic slag, a soil already slightly manured and naturally suited to the plant, the percentage of total alkaloid in dry leaf and stem from third-year plants amounting to 0.84. In this case, the season was, however, an exceptionally favourable one, and, moreover, the soil being naturally suited to the plant, the percentage of alkaloid obtained without added fertilizer was already high. Speaking from the writer's own experience, Belladonna grows in her garden at Chalfont St. Peter. The soil is gravelly even stony in some parts, with a chalk subsoil - the conditions similar to those that the plant enjoys in its wild state. This neighbourhood, in her opinion, is a suitable one for growing fields of Belladonna as crops for medicinal purposes.
Notes and statistics taken from season to season, extending over nine years, have shown that atmospheric conditions have a marked influence on the alkaloidal contents of Belladonna, the highest percentage of alkaloid being yielded in plants grown in sunny and dry seasons. The highest percentage of alkaloid, viz. 0.68 per cent, was obtained from the Belladonna crop of 1912, a year in which the months May and June were unusually dry and sunny; the lowest, just half, 0.34 was obtained on the same ground in 1907, when the period May and June was particularly lacking in sunshine. In 1905, August and September proving a very wet season, specimens analysed showed the low percentages of 0.38 and 0.35, whereas in July and October, 1906, the intervening period being very fine and dry, specimens analysed in those months showed a percentage of 0.54 and 0.64 respectively.
There appears to be no marked variation in alkaloidal contents due to different stages of growth from June to September, except when the plant begins to fade, when there is rapid loss, hence the leaves may be gathered any time from June until the fading of the leaves and shoots set in.
In sowing Belladonna seed, 2 to 3 lb. should be reckoned to the acre. Autumn sown seeds do not always germinate, it is therefore more satisfactory to sow in boxes in a cool house, or frame, in early March, soaking the soil in the seed-boxes first, with boiling water, or baking it in an oven, to destroy the embryo of a small snail which is apt, as well as slugs and various insects, to attack the seedlings later. Pieces of chalk or lime can be placed among the drainage rubble at the bottom of the boxes. Belladonna seed is very slow in germinating, taking four to six weeks, or even longer, and as a rule not more than 70 per cent can be relied on to germinate. On account of the seeds being so prone to attack by insect pests, if sown in the open, the seed-beds should first be prepared carefully. First of all, rubbish should be burnt on the ground, the soil earthed up and fired all over, all sorts of burnt vegetable rubbish being worked in. Then thoroughly stir up the ground and leave it rough for a few days so that air and sun permeate it well. Then level and rake the bed fine and finally give it a thorough drenching with boiling water. Let it stand till dry and friable, add sharp grit sand on the surface, rake fine again and then sow the seed very thinly.
Considerable moisture is needed during germination. The seedlings should be ready for planting out in May, when there is no longer any fear of frost. They will then be about 1 1/2 inch high. Put them in after rain, or if the weather be dry, the ground should be well watered first, the seedlings puddled in and shaded from the sun with inverted flower-pots for several days. About 5,000 plants will be needed to the acre. If they are to remain where first planted, they may be planted 18 inches apart. A reserve of plants should be grown to fill in gaps.
The seedlings are liable to injury by late frosts and a light top dressing of farmyard manure or leaf-mould serves to preserve young shoots from injury during sudden and dangerous changes of temperature. They do best in shade. In America, difficulties in the cultivation of Belladonna have been overcome by interspersing plants with rows of scarlet runners, which, shading the herb, cause it to grow rapidly. Healthy young plants soon become re-established when transplanted, but require watering in dry weather. Great care must be taken to keep the crop clean from weeds and handpicking is to be recommended.
By September, the single stem will be 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 feet high. A gathering of leaves may then be made, if the plants are strong; 'leaves' include the broken-off tops of the plants, but the coarser stems are left on the plant and all discoloured portions rejected, and the plants should not be entirely denuded of leaves.
Before the approach of winter, plants must be thinned to 2 1/2 to 3 feet apart, or overcrowding will result in the second year, in which the plant will bear one or two strong stems.
The writer finds that the green tips and cuttings from side branches root well and easily in early summer, and that buds with a piece of the root attached can be taken off the bigger roots in April, this being a very successful way of rapid propagation to get big, strong plants.
In the second year, in June, the crop is cut a few inches above the ground, while flowering, and delivered to the wholesale buyer the same day it is cut.
The average crop of fresh herb in the second and third years is 5 to 6 tons per acre, and 5 tons of fresh leaves and tops yield 1 ton of dried herb. A second crop is obtained in September in good seasons.
The yield per acre in the first year of growth should average about 6 cwt. of dry leaves.
The greatest loss of plants is in wet winters. Young seedling plants unless protected by dead leaves during the winter often perish. On the lighter soils there is less danger from winter loss, but the plants are more liable to damage from drought in summer.
One of the principal insect pests that attack Belladonna leaves is the so-called 'fleabeetle.' It perforates the leaves to such an extent as to make them unfit for sale in a dried state. It is when the plants are exposed to too much sunlight in open spots that the attacks of the beetle are worst, its natural habitat being well-drained slopes, partly under trees. If therefore the ground around the plants is covered with a thick mulch of leaves, they are not so likely to be attacked. The caterpillars from which the beetles come feed on the ground, and as they dislike moisture, the damp leaves keep them away. If napthalene is scattered on the soil, the vapour will probably help to keep the beetles off. The only way to catch them is to spread greased sheets of paper below the plants, and whenever the plants are disturbed a number of beetles will jump off like fleas and be caught on the papers. This at best only lessens the total quantity, however, and the other methods of precaution are the best.
The plant is dug or ploughed up during the autumn in the fourth year and the root collected, washed and dried, 3 to 4 tons of fresh root yielding a little over 1 ton of dry root. In time of great scarcity, it would probably pay to dig the root in the third year.
Old roots must be replaced by a planting of young ones or offsets, and if wireworm is observed, soot should be dug in with replacements.
Although Belladonna is not a plant that can be successfully grown in every small garden, yet in a chalky garden a few plants might be grown in a shady corner for the sake of the seed, for which there is a demand for propagation. Those, also, who know the haunts of the plant in its wild state might profitably collect the ripe berries, which should then be put into thin cotton bags and the juice squeezed out in running water. When the water is no longer stained, wring the bag well and turn out the seeds on to blotting paper and dry in the sun, or in a warm room near a stove. Sieve them finally, when dry, to remove all portions of the berry skin, etc.
Belladonna has been successfully cultivated in the neighbourhood of Leningrad since 1914, and already good crops have been obtained, the richness of the stems in alkaloids being noteworthy. It is stated that in consequence of the success that has attended the cultivation of Belladonna in Russia, it will no longer be needful to employ German drugs in the preparation of certain alkaloids. Much is also being collected wild in the Caucasus and in the Crimea.
It is hoped that if sufficient stocks can be raised in Britain, not only will it be unnecessary to import Belladonna, but that it may be possible to export it to those of our Dominions where the climate and local conditions prevent its successful culture, though at present it is still included among the medicinal plants of which the exportation is forbidden.

The following note on the growth and cultivation of Belladonna is from the Chemist and Druggist, of February 26, 1921:: 'Belladonna is a perennial, but for horticultural purposes it is treated as a biennial, or triennial plant. The root in 3 years has attained very large dimensions around Edinburgh; in fact, often so large as to make the lifting a very heavy, and therefore costly, matter, and in consequence 2 years' growth is quite sufficient. One-year-old roots are just as active as the three-year-old stocks, and to the grower it is merely a matter of expediency which crop he chooses to dig up. The aerial growth is very heavy, twoyear-old plants making 5 to 6 feet in the season if not cut for first crop, and if cut in July they make a second growth of 2 to 3 feet by September. To obtain a supply of seeds certain plantations must be left uncut, so as to get a crop of seeds for the next season. Moisture is, from a practical point of view, a very important matter. A sample, apparently dry to the touch, but not crisp, may have 15 per cent to 20 per cent of moisture present. Therefore if a pharmacist was to use a sample of such Belladonna leaves, although assayed to contain 0.03 per cent of alkaloids, he would produce a weaker tincture than if he had used leaves with, say, only 5 per cent of water present. The alkaloidal factor of this drug is the index to its value. Both the British and the United States Pharmacopoeias adopt the same standard of alkaloidal value for the leaves, but the British Pharmacopceia does not require a standard for the root, which is one of those subtle conundrums which this quaint book frequently presents! Plants grown in a hard climate, such as Scotland, give a good alkaloidal figure, which compares favourably with any others. For roots, the British Pharmacopoeia as just stated, requires no standard, but United States Pharmacopceia standard is 0.45 per cent, and Scottish roots yielded 0.78 per cent and 0.72 per cent. There is not a great deal of alkaloidal value in the stalks. About 0.08 in the autumn.

بلادونا از نام ایتالیایی می اید به معنی "بانوی زیبا"
این گیاه به شدت سمی بوده به خصوص برای کودکان خطرناک است
چون زیبا و کمی شیرین است.
بین دو تا پنج تا از میوه های ان میتواند یک کودک را بکشد
و 10 تا از ان برای مرگ یک بزرگسال کافیست.
ریشه این گیاه از همه بخشهای دیگر ان سمی تر است
در گذشته بر این باور بودند که جادوگران از مخلوط
این گیاه و گیاهانی مثل شقایق استفاده می کردند
تا بتوانند با جادوگران دیگر به پرواز در ایند
کارلو گینزبرگ و دیگران نظرات یکسانی
در این باره نداشتند و معتقد بودند
که این مخلوط شجاعت دیدن تصاویر خیالی را ایجاد می کند
این گیاه در زیر سایه درخت ، روی تپه های درختی
به زیبایی رشد می کند و به شکل بوته های چند متری می روید
اما در تابش مستقیم افتاب چندان بلند نمیشود
و بیشتر مورد حمله حشرات موذی قرار می گیرد
توضیح گیاه _
ریشه گیاه ضخیم است و کشیده در حدود 6 اینچ یا بیشتر طول ان است
و شاخه دار است شاخه ها و برگهای گیاه جدا از هم میماند.
برگها سبز تیره هستند و سایز خاصی دارند سه تا ده اینچ طول دارند
و برگهای پایین تر ضخیم تر هستند و به شکل بیضوی می رویند
در سال اول گیاه تنها یک تا یک و نیم فوت رشد
می کند برگها بزرگتر از برگهای یک گیاه کامل هستند
و در منطقه مرطوب به سرعت رشد می کنند.
گیاههای پیر تر بین سه تا 5 فوت ( قد انسان)می رسد
و گاهی حتی تا 6 فوت اما برگها از یک تا یک و نیم
متری زمین شروع به رویش می کننداین گیاه نرم است
گلها در ماه جون و جولای (خرداد و تیر)میرویند
و تا شهریور تیره و بنفش تیره می شودند
و به بزرگی یک اینچ میرسند
اویزان و زنگوله ای شکل هستند و در نهایت میوه ای
از خانواده توت بر جای می گذارند که به رنگ سیاه براق است
که هر میوه چند بذر دارد.میوه ها پر از مایع تیره شیرین هستند
که توجه بچه ها را به خود جلب می کنند
پرورش دهندگان این گیاه باید مراقب ان باشند و از نزدیک شدن
به ان جلوگیری کنندکه هیچکسی به ان نزدیک نشود .
توصیه می شود این گیاه را در باغ منزل نکارید
و همچنین در هیچ مکانی نزدیک به محل
عبور و خانه های مسکونی
در سپتامبر 1916 سه کودک به بیمارستانی
در لندن منتقل شدند در حالیکه به سم این گیاه الوده شده بودد.
باغبانی که گیاه را در معبر عمومی کاشته بو
د از سمی بودن ان اطلاعی نداشت .
در 1921 یک کودک به همین دلیل جان خود را از دست داد.
گفته می شود که اگر تصادفا میوه ان مورد استفاده قرار گرفت
باید هر چه زوترلیوان بزرگی از مایعی تهوع اور مثل سرکه گرم
و یا خردل با اب بلعیده شود
تا هر چه سریع تر میوه و سم ان بالا اورده شود
و به دنبال ان منیزیوم و قهوه بسیار قوی به بیمار خورانده شود.
بیمار را گرم نگه دارید و در صورت لزوم به بیمار تنفس مصنوعی بدهید .
اثر جانبی این سم این است که بیمار صدای خود
را به طور کامل از دست می دهد و انگشتها و دستهای
او شروع به لرزیدن می کندوچشمها بزرگ می شوند
طرز کاشت----
قیمت برگها و ریشه بلادونا بستگی به میزان قلیایی بودن ان دارد
و خاکی که این گیاه در ان کاشته می شود بسیار مهم است
خاک سبک و نفوذپذیر و گچی برای رشد این گیاه مناسب است
که در تپه ها بهترین نتیجه را در بر دارد چون قلیایی تر است
درجه حرارت مطلوب برای این گیاه 50 تا 55
درجه ( فارنهایت )اگر چه که گیاه کاشت
انسان خاک قلیایی کمتری نسبت به گونه وحشی ان دارد
اما تمیز نگهداشتن خاک ان از علفهای هرز بسیار مهم است
جوانه های حاصل از بذر بلادونا را می توان در جعبه در داخل
خانه با دمای خنک کاشت یا در نیمه مارچ ( فروردین ) می توان
انها را ابتدادر جعبه کاشت بذر بلادونا بسیار دیر جوانه می زند و
بین 4 تا 6 هفته ویا حتی بیشتر زمان می برد و بیش از
هفتاد درصد بذرها به بار نمی نشینند.به دلیل طولانی بودن
زمان به بار نشستن احتمال حمله افات به بذر گیاه وجود دارد
خاک را باید برای چند روز باز گذاشت و به ان هوا داد
و سپس با اب جوش به ان خاک اب بدهید و صبر کنید
تا خاک خشک شود و سپس روی ان ماسه بریزید
و سپس بذرها را به صورت لایه ای نازک روی ان بریزید
رطوبت در طول جوانه زدن گیاه ضروریست.
برای کاشت گیاه بهترین زمان ماه می است ( اخر اردیبهشت)
وقتی که هیچ نگرانی برای سرما و یخ زدن وجود ندارد
در این صورت جوانه ها بین یک تا یک و نیم اینچ میرسند
اما اگر هوا خشک باشد مرتب باید ابیاری ومرطوب
نگه داشته شودپس از جوانه زدن در محل اولیه در
ماه می می توان جوانه ها را جابجا کرد
و به محل اصلی منتقل نمود هر جوانه باید
به فاصله 18 اینچ از هم کاشته شود
تا گیاه جا برای رشد داشته باشد
در ماه شهریور هر ساقه به یک تا
یک و نیم فوت می رسد و برگها شروع به
نمایان شدن می کنند
قبل از رسیدن به زمستان گیاه باید هرس شود

بلادون با نام علمی آتروپا بلادونا كه به آن ، سایه‌ی شب و توت شیطان هم می‌گویند، گیاهی فوق‌العاده سمی است. بلادون قسمتی از عنوان علمی خود، آتروپا، را از یكی از سه الهه‌ی یونانی (آتروپوس، كلوتو ولاچسیس) گرفته است كه بنابر افسانه‌های یونانی بر سرنوشت انسان حاكم بوده‌اند. كلوتو و لاچسیس تار و پود انسان را می‌بافته‌اند و عمر او را رقم می‌زدند. در حالی كه خواهر آنان، آتروپوس، در زمان مقدر شده رشته‌ی زندگی عمر آدم را قطع می‌كرده است. بلادونا احتمالا به افتخار بانوان ایتالیایی به عنوان این گیاه اضافه شده كه از عصاره‌ی تازه‌ی آن قطره چشمی می‌ساخته‌اند و در چشم خود می‌ریختند تا مردمك چشمانشان باز و شفاف شود و بیشتر مورد توجه قرار بگیرند .بر پایه‌ی عقاید خرافی، در قرون وسطی جادوگران از این گیاه در جشنها برای ایجاد اوهام و خیالات استفاده می‌كرده و مخلوط بلادون و تاج‌الملوك را برای ایجاد احساس پرواز در انسان مصرف می‌نموده‌اند. جان جرارد – جراح، گیاه‌شناس و پرورش دهنده گیاه قرن شانزدهم – بلادون را بسیار وحشناك و مرگ‌آور توصیف كرده است. بنابر شرحی كه جرارد داده است هر كسی كه از این گیاه بخورد، بلافاصله به خوابی عمیق فرو می‌رود كه ممكن است هرگز بیدار نشود. گفته شده است كه سربازان پادشاه اسكاتلند در سال 1582 با شرابی كه از بلادون تهیه نموده بودند، همه‌ی قوای دانمارك را در رختخوابشان به قتل رسانیدند .بلادون به سبب دارا بودن دو ماده شبه قلیایی (آلكالوئید) بلورین سمی، آتروپین و هیوسیامین، خاصیت تسكینی و تخدیری قوی دارد و بر روی دستگاه عصبی غیر ارادی تاثیر می‌گذارد. هنوز هم چشم پزشكان از آتروپین برای اتساع مردمك چشم استفاده می‌كنند. همچنین از آتروپین برای خنثی كردن اثر گازهای سمی منتشر شده توسط جنگ‌افزارهای شیمیایی و از هیوسیامین نیز به عنوان مسكن استفاده می‌شود .عصاره‌ی گیاه بلادون هم استفاده‌های پزشكی دارد و در درمان بیماری‌هایی كه سبب گرفتگی عضلات می‌شوند، مانند بیماری‌های پاركینسون، صرع، آسم و سیاه‌سرفه به كار می‌رود. آتروپین ترشحات مخاطی را كنترل می‌نماید و می‌تواند در درمان سرماخوردگی و تب یونجه موثر باشد.بلادون را برای تسكین تب، تب مخملك، التهابات، سردردهای شدید و گلودرد تجویز می كنندزیستگاه طبیعی :گیاه بومی اروپا و جنوب غربی آسیا است و در ایالتهای شرقی آمریكا هم كاشته می‌شود. این گیاه در زمین‌های شخم نخورده و بر روی تپه‌های جنگلی می‌روید و كمی سایه و خاك گچی یا آهكی برایش مناسب استمشخصات ظاهری :گیاه با دوامی است كه ساقه‌ی آن به شخاه‌های متعدد تقسیم می‌شود و به
طول 25/1 متر می‌رسد و ریشه‌اش قطور و گوشتی می‌باشد. تمام قسمت‌های گیاه تازه به هنگام كوبیده شدن، بوی نامطبوعی از خود متصاعد می كند كه به شدت سمی‌ است. ساقه كمی بالاتر به سه یا چهار شاخه تقسیم می‌شود. برگ‌ها به رنگ سبز تیره به شكل بیضی هستند كه در نوك، تیز می‌شوند. و به صورت افقی و زوج، اما در اندازه‌های متفاوت، شاخه‌ها را می‌پوشانند. گلهای به شكل زنگ آن در بالا به صورت تاج و به رنگ ارغوانی كه كمی رنگ سبز نیز به آنها زده‌اند، می‌باشد كه از اواسط تا اواخر تابستان پدیدار شده و بعدا تبدیل به میوه‌های سیاه براق به اندازه‌ی گیلاس كوچك می‌شوند. میوه‌ی بلادون، آبی شیرین و مركبی دارد كه سمی كشنده است

گیاهی است پایا به ارتفاع 50-200 سانتیمتر با ریشه های منشعب ستبر. برگها به شکل بیضی با نوک تیز و کرکداراند. طول جام گلها تا 5/2 سانتیمتر می رسد و به شکل زنگوله هستند. رنگ سطح خارجی آن بنفش تیره و رنگ داخل آن زرد تیره مایل به قهوه ای است و رگه های بنفش رنگی دارد. میوه سته آن به اندازه یک گیلاس کوچک است که ابتدا سبز است و سپس سیاه می شود. عصاره این میوه بنفش است.

قسمت های مورد استفاده: ریشه و برگ.

زیستگاه و گردآوری:

در بیشه ها و مراتع روی خاک های آهکی در بیشتر قسمتهای اروپا و غرب آسیا می روید. بومی انگلستان و ویلز است اما نسبتا نادر است و بر روی گچ و سنگ آهک می روید. عموما به مقادیر تجارتی از طریق دانه یا قلمه ریشه آن در فواصل 60 × 60 سانتیمتری تکثیر می شود. در مدت 3 – 5 سال اول فقط برگها و جوانه های گیاه گلدار جمع آوری می شود. پس از 3 – 5 سال اول ریشه ها را هم می توان جمع کرد. در آفتاب یا در حرارت 60 درجه خشک می شود. بازده آن 10 – 25 گیلوگرم برگ خشک در هر 100 متر مربع است.

این گیاه در نواحی شمالی ایران مانند گیلان، طوالش، چالش و اسالم می روید.

ترکیبات و اثر:

برگ و ریشه شابیزک حاوی آلکالوییدهای بسیار سمی است که بیشتر آن هیوسیامین است. با مقادیر دارویی برای درمان قولنجهای روده ای و صفراوی به کار می رود. ترشحات غدد بزاقی و عرق را کاهش داده و مردمک را منبسط می کند. مقادیر زیاد آن سبب تهییج و به دنبال آن خواب آلودگی می شود و ممکن است کشنده باشد. میوه های آن نیز حاوی همین آلکالوییدها است. تمام بخشهای گیاه بی نهایت سمی است.

مصرف: باید تحت نظر پزشک فقط برای درمان اسهال عصبی و نیز یبوست، درمان
بی اختیاری ادرار و بیمارهای چشم مصرف شود

BELLADONNA (Atropa belladonna) is well known as a highly poisonous species capable of inducing various kinds of hallucinations. It entered into the folklore and mythology of virtually all European peoples, who feared its deadly power. It wos one of the ingredients of the truly hallucinogenic brews and ointments concocted by the so-called witches of medieval Europe. The attractive shiny berries of the plant still often cause it to be accidentally eaten, with resultant poisoning.
The name belladonna ("beautiful lady" in Italian) comes from a curious custom practiced by italian women of high society during medieval times. They would drop the sap of the plant into the eye to dilate the pupil enormously, inducing a kind of drunken or glassy stare, considered in that period to enhance feminine beauty and sensuality.
The main active principle in belladonna is the alkaloid hyoscyamine, but the more psychoactive scopolamine is also present. Atropine has also been found, but whether it is present in the living plant or is formed during extraction is not cleor. Belladonna is a commercial source of atropine, an alkaloid with a wide variety of uses in modern medicine, especially as an antispasmodic, an antisecretory, and as a mydriatic and cardiac stimulant. The alkaloids occur throughout the plant but are concentrated especially in the leaves and roots.
There are four species of Atropa distributed in Europe and from central Asia to the Himalayas. Atropa belongs to the nightshade family, Solanaceae. Belladonna is native to Europe and Asia Minor. Until the 19th century, commercial collection was primarily from wild sources, but since that time cultivation has been initiated in the United States, Europe, and India, where it is an important source of medicinal drugs

Therapy.—Internal. Belladonna is employed in Eclectic Therapeutics in doses which produce exactly the opposite effects from the gross or physiologic and toxic action. Large doses paralyze; small doses stimulate. While employed for its physiological effects in some instances, the chief use of the drug with us is in conditions showing impairment of the capillary circulation in any part of the body with congestion or tendency to blood stasis. The size of the dose is of great importance in administering belladonna. Ordinary drachm doses of a dilution of 5 to 10 drops of the specific medicine in four ounces of water meet conditions of dullness, hebetude, and congestion, as first pointed out by Scudder. Others claim that the use of infinitesimal doses, of the 3x dilution, acts promptly in conditions of nervous exaltation, with great irritability and impressionability of all the senses; in some cases the hyperaesthesia amounts to delirium and it is then claimed to be most efficient to control both mild and furious outbreaks of delirium. Others again (and this agrees with our personal experience) find marked pallor of the surface, with contracted pupils, the indication, for minute doses of the drug. Following a law which appears to be commonly borne out in therapeutics, that opposite effects are produced by large or by minute doses respectively, belladonna seems a possible therapeutic agent in many varied conditions. The cases, however, in which belladonna appears to have rendered the best service are in those in what might be called medium doses, as advised by Scudder, in which the drug is employed to overcome dullness, hebetude, expressionless countenance, tendency to congestion, dilated pupils, and a dusky redness effaced upon pressure, the blood slowly returning. For specific medication purposes the drug should not be given in doses sufficient to produce mydriasis. At the risk of repetition of some of the conditions and to make the belladonna picture more complete, we quote from a former article in the American Dispensatory (not the version that's online here, sorry. --HeK):
The first and great use for belladonna in specific doses is for congestion. It is a prompt remedy in throbbing congestive headache, or nervo-congestive headache; or a dull, heavy headache with a feeling of drowsiness, as if, were it not for the pain, the patient would drop off to sleep. When a dull, dusky or livid condition of the surface showing capillary feebleness and hebetude is threatened in typhoid fever or in pneumonia, belladonna is of the greatest importance as a stimulant, and in the latter assists in sustaining the respiratory function. While it is a remedy for blood-stasis in any part of the body, due to dilation of the capillaries, it is perhaps more pronounced in its effects when the impairment of the circulation takes place in the nerve centers. It is the first remedy to be used when there is cerebral or medullo-spinal congestion as evidenced by dullness and coma. Though oftenest demanded in acute diseases, it is of equal value in chronic cerebral disorders with dizziness, drowsiness, and dull heavy aching or fullness in the head. When the eye is dull and the pupil dilated, and drowsiness is marked, and there are other signs of congestion that may lead to engorgement of the brain, a threatened attack of apoplexy may be warded off by the timely use of small doses of belladonna.
Belladonna is a remedy for pain and for spasm. It sometimes relieves deep-seated pain, as in facial, intercostal, visceral and sciatic neuralgia. If there is an elevation of temperature, it should be associated with aconite if the circulation is much excited. It is better, however, to relieve spasmodic pain of the involuntary muscles of the tubular organs-spasm of the anus, uterine, cystic, urethral, and other visceral spasms. If any of the parts can be reached it is well to apply the drug locally at the time it is given internally, but care must be had not to overdose the patient. Its value in spasmodic dysmenorrhea, when otherwise specifically indicated, is unquestionably great.
Belladonna is conceded one of the best of our remedies for whooping cough. It will fail here unless otherwise specifically indicated. Spasmodic cough alone does not indicate it; there must be the tendency to congestion and the capillary impairment to make it act beneficially. No remedy, probably, cures pertussis, but many shorten its duration, lengthen the intervals between paroxysms, and render it less severe. Belladonna is one of the best for this purpose. When cough is purely nervous and when due to irritability of the tubular musculature it is an important drug. This is shown in its power to relieve nervous cough from laryngeal irritation and in spasmodic asthma.
Belladonna relaxes spasm. It sometimes overcomes constipation in this manner, has served fairly well in spasmodic constriction of the bowels, and has relieved both pain and spasm in lead colic and spasmodic intestinal colic. When epilepsy is associated with congestive symptoms it has assisted other remedies to lessen the severity and lengthen out the intervals of attack. The same is true in chorea. Little dependence can be placed upon it in puerperal convulsions, a condition for which it has been commended.
Few medicines act better in severe sore throat with redness, rawness, swelling, intense soreness, difficult swallowing, and dryness of the throat, with or without fever. Usually aconite is to be given with it. In such conditions it will promptly do good in tonsillitis, especially of the quinsy type, and in pharyngitis and faucitis. If there is an associated coryza it will relieve it, though it acts more promptly in acute coryza when the throat inflammation is absent and it can be given in slightly larger doses than are required for general specific purposes. Many maintain it valuable in diphtheria and believe that it interferes with the formation of the membranes. We question its value for that purpose, though it certainly helps to sustain the breathing and circulatory powers in a disease threatened from the very start with a depression of these functions. In acute inflammations, such as non-vesicular erysipelas, with deep redness of the skin, capillary impairment, and sense of burning, belladonna should be given with confidence. It acts best where the inflammation is very superficial and does not subsequently extend deeply into the subcutaneous tissues.
The value of belladonna in the exanthemata ranks with the most certain of therapeutic results. It is practically always indicated in scarlet fever and very frequently in measles. Chicken-pox does not so often demand it; while in the congestive stage of small-pox it is claimed to be a most certain aid for many therapeutic purposes. We rely upon it absolutely in scarlatina, and the more malignant the type the more it is indicated. We do not recall a case of scarlet fever in which we have not employed it, and always with the desired effect. Often no other agent has been required. Its use should be begun early. It then brings out the eruption, re-establishes the secretions of the kidneys and bowels, alleviates the distressing throat symptoms, and protects against congestion and subsequent nephritis. The dose must be small, however. If too large it favors congestion. Never more than teaspoonful doses of a dilution of 5 to 10 drops of the specific medicine in four ounces of water should be given every 1 or 2 hours. More often from 2 to 5 drops in the mixture are preferable. It serves much the same purpose in measles, and helps also to control the cough. After the eruption has appeared it is less often demanded in the latter disease, but in scarlet fever it may be needed from start to finish. When one observes the power of belladonna to arouse the patient from a stupid or drowsy state, or even from unconsciousness, or sees it quiet delirium, bring out the eruption, and incite the kidneys to natural action, the power of small doses of powerful medicines becomes convincing even to the most skeptical who believe only in near-toxic or physiological actions of drugs. The action of belladonna in scarlet fever is one of the strong arguments in favor of specific as compared to gross medication. To accomplish desired results without the least danger with a drug capable of great damage constitutes true or specific medication. Belladonna meets many of the complications attending or following scarlet fever, and is probably a preventive of many unpleasant sequelae. While especially a child's remedy it should be cautiously used. We have observed the scarlatinoid rash from very minute doses of belladonna.
Many physicians believe that minute doses of belladonna are prophylactic against scarlet fever. This view is shared by many good therapeutists, among them Scudder, Fyfe, Ellingwood, and many others. Perhaps it is a matter of faith, but we have never had reason to feel it an established fact. Whether true or not, we do believe, however, that an advantage will have been gained by its early administration should an attack of scarlatina ensue, and certainly it can do no harm if given in infinitesimal doses.
Belladonna stimulates and at the same time relieves the irritability of weakened conditions of the kidneys and bladder. Under its influence both watery and solid constituents are increased. It is the remedy for enuresis in small children when the fault depends upon poor pelvic circulation or chronic irritability of the bladder. It is best adapted to diurnal dribbling of urine. When due to a "cold," and there is marked pallor, and dullness of the eye so characteristic in children with enuresis, and the patient voids urine every quarter or half hour, belladonna is promptly helpful.
Belladonna is a remedy of power in acute congestion of the kidneys, and in the early or congestive stage of kidney disorders tending to chronicity. It is indicated by the sense of fullness, weight and dragging in the loins. In the early stage of tubular nephritis, and in scarlatinal nephritis, and in fact in renal capillary engorgement accompanying or following any disease, belladonna is a remedy of first importance.
It is one of the best of remedies for polyuria or so-called diabetes insipidus. A belladonna plaster should be applied while giving the remedy internally. Sometimes quite full doses are required to effect results. Full doses are also required to check the colliquative sweating of phthisis pulmonalis and other debilitating diseases, and its well-known quality of causing dryness of the mouth is taken advantage of in mercurial and other forms of salivation, especially the ptyalism of pregnancy.
Spermatorrhoea, with feeble pelvic and genital circulation, is sometimes better treated by belladonna than any other remedy. In such a state pulsatilla is a valuable aid to the belladonna.

Synonyms: Atropa belladonna, atropa belladonna-AE, beladona, belladone, belladonnae herbae pulvis standardisatus, belladonna herbum, Belladonna Homaccord, Belladonna Injeel, Belladonna Injeel Forte, belladonna leaf, belladonna pulvis normatus, belladonnae folium, belladonna radix, belladonne, deadly nightshade, deadly nightshade leaf, devil's cherries, devil's herb, die belladonna, die tollkirsche, divale, dwale, dwayberry, galnebaer, great morel, herba belladonna, hoja de belladonna, naughty man's cherries, poison black cherries, powdered belladonna, Solanaceae (family), solanum mortale, solanum somniferum, strygium, stryshon, tollekirsche, tollkirschenblatter
Belladonna is an herb that has been used for centuries for a variety of indications, including headache, menstrual symptoms, peptic ulcer disease, inflammation, and motion sickness. Belladonna is known to contain active agents with anticholinergic properties, such as the tropane alkaloids atropine, hyoscine (scopolamine), and hyoscyamine.
There are few available studies of belladonna alone for any indication. Most research has evaluated belladonna in combination with other agents, such as ergot alkaloids or barbiturates, or in homeopathic (diluted) preparations. Preliminary evidence suggests possible efficacy in combination with barbiturates for the management of symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome. However, there is currently insufficient scientific evidence regarding the use of belladonna for this or any other indication.
Common adverse effects include dry mouth, urinary retention, flushing, pupillary dilation, constipation, confusion, and delirium. Many of these effects may occur at therapeutic doses.

Belladonna (Atropa belladonna)

Be aware that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and dietary supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products containing or claiming to contain belladonna. Decisions to use herbs or supplements should be carefully considered. Individuals using prescription drugs should discuss taking herbs or supplements with a pharmacist or health care professional before starting.

Dosing

The doses listed below are based on scientific research, publications or traditional use. Because most herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly studied or monitored, safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients even within the same brand. Combination products often contain small amounts of each ingredient and may not be effective. Appropriate dosing should be discussed with a health care professional before starting therapy; always read the recommendations on a product's label. The dosing for unproven uses should be approached cautiously, because scientific information is limited in these areas.

For Treatment Of Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Adults (Aged 18 Or Older)

Studies in the 1960s and 1970s tested several doses of belladonna for irritable bowel syndrome. A studied dose is 10 milligrams of hyoscine butylbromide four times per day by mouth. Combination products containing 0.25 milligrams of belladonna (levorotatory alkaloids) and 50 milligrams of phenobarbital taken once per day by mouth have also been studied. Higher doses have been tested, but they cannot be recommended because toxicity occurred.

Traditional doses have included 50 milligrams to 100 milligrams of belladonna leaf powder, with a maximum daily dose of 600 milligrams (equivalent to 1.8 milligrams of total alkaloids calculated as hyoscyamine); 50 milligrams of belladonna root, with a maximum daily dose of 300 milligrams (equivalent to 1.5 milligrams of total alkaloids calculated as hyoscyamine); or 10 milligrams of belladonna extract, with a maximum daily dose of 150 milligrams (equivalent to 2.2 milligrams of total alkaloids calculated as hyoscyamine). Side effects or toxicity may occur at these doses.

Very dilute (homeopathic) preparations have also been used for numerous conditions; discuss this type of dosing with a health care professional or pharmacist.

Children (Younger Than 18)

The dosing and safety of belladonna have not been studied thoroughly in children. Use of belladonna is not recommended in this age group because of numerous reports of toxicity. Very dilute (homeopathic) preparations have been used in children; discuss this type of dosing with a health care professional or pharmacist.

CANNABISشاهدانه گرس

2011-03-15T06:01:00.001-07:00

CLASSIFICATION OF CANNABIS is disputed by botanists. They disagree about the family to which it belongs and also about the number of species. The plant is sometimes placed in the fig or mulberry family (Moraceae) or the nettle family (Urticaceae), but it is now usually separated, together with the hop plant (Humulus), into a distinct family: Cannabaceae.
It has been widely thought that there is one species, Cannabis sativa, which, partly as a result of selection by man, has developed many "races" or "varieties," for better fiber, for more oil content, or for stronger narcotic content. Selection for narcotic activity has been especially notable in such areas as India, where intoxicating properties have had religious significance.. Environment also has probably influenced this biologically changeable species, especially for fiber excellence and narcotic activity. Current research indicates that there may be other species: C. indica and C. ruderalis. All Cannabis is native to central Asia
THE MEDICINAL VALUE OF CANNABIS has been known for centuries. Its long history of use in folk medicine is significant, and it has been included more recently in Western pharmacopoeias. It was listed in the United Shtes Pharmacopoeia until the 1930's as valuable, especially in the treatment of hysteria. The progress made in modern research encourages the belief that so prolific a chemical factory as Cannabis may indeed offer potential for new medicines. THE CHEMISTRY OF CANNABIS is complex. Many organic compounds have been isolated, some with narcotic properties and others without. A fresh plant yields mainly cannabidiolic acids, precursors of the tetrahydrocannabinols and related constituents, such as cannabinol, cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol-carboxylic acid, stereoisomers of tetrahydroconnabinol, and cannabichromene.
It has been demonstrated recently that the main effects are attributable to delta -1- tetrahydrocannobinol. The tetrahydrocannabinols, which form an oily mixture of several isomers, are non-nitrogenous organic compounds derived from terpenes . They are not alkaloids, although traces of alkaloids have been reported in the plant.
Until recently, little was known about the effects of pure tetrahydrocannabinol on man. Controlled studies are basic to any progress. These are now possible with the recent synthesis of the compound, a major advance in studying the mechanism of physiological activity of this intoxicant. Because the crude cannabis preparations normally used as a narcotic vary greatly in their chemical composition, any correlations of their biological activity would be relatively meaningless

تفاوت اصلی بین گرس Sativa و Indica در اندازه برگ های آنهاست .

برگ های Sativa کوچکتر و نازکتر از برگ های Indica می باشد.

Indica

بوته کوتاه Indica معمولاً بین 6 فوت تا حداکثر 8 فوت رشد می کنند. برگ های آن کوتاه و گسترده هستند و کاملاً سبزند و با رسیدن به بلوغ برگ های آن شروع به تغییر رنگ می کند و به رنگ بنفش و بنفش تیره در می آیند. معمولاً از اوایل ماه سپتامبر ( شهریور ) شروع به جوانه زدن می کنند .

جوانه های ماری جوانا در رنگ از سبز تیره تا بنفش متفاوت است ، درست مثل ماری جواناهای دیگر . این نوع از ماری جوانا در شرایط آب و هوایی سرد به بلوغ می رسند . جوانه های Indica دارای بوی تند و دود غلیظ می باشد که باعث سرفه های زیاد می شود. بهترین نوع Indica برای آرامش بخشیدن و استفاده از حس و احساس طبیعت است و اجازه به فکر کردن یا تجزیه تحلیل تجربه منجر نمی شود .

Indica باعث کسب تجربه های جدید می شود ، گه گاه باعث سنگین شدن گردن می شود که در اصطلاح به آن Sleep Outs میگویند. Indica در افغانستان ، پاکستان ، هند و مناطق اطراف این کشورها ( ایران ) برداشت می شود . تمام نوع های آن بین 25 تا 35 نوع بستگی به نوع آب و هوای محل رشد آن دارد.

در انگلستان ، اکثریت قریب به اتفاق ماری جواناها از پس زمینه های Indica می باشند. ماریجوانا Indica حاوی مقادیر بالایی CBD وTHC است که باعث ایجاد خواب آلودگی می شود.

Indica High :
بالاترین نقاط indica هستند که اغلب می توان به عنوان وزوز بدن خوشایند توصیف کرد. Indica ها بزرگ برای تمدد اعصاب ، تسکین استرس ، و احساس کلی آرام و بی سر و صدایی و indica ماری جوانا نیز بسیار موثر برای تسکین درد کلی بدن ، و اغلب در درمان بی خوابی استفاده می شود.

Indica خالص برای تمرکز و لذت بردن از تجربیات دود پیشنهاد میشود.

Sativa

اینگونه از ماریجوانا از 6 فوت تا حداکثر 25 فوت رشد می کنند . برگ اینگونه دراز و نازک و به رنگ سبز روشن است . در نوع استوایی اینگونه به دلیل وجود کلروفیل در زمان بلوغ به رنگ زرد در می آیند و در نوع معتدل به رنگ سبز تیره و از 4 فوت به پایین آن تا ساقه به رنگ زرد در می آید و شکل آن به صورت درخت مخروطی شکل است.

جوانه های اینگونه دراز و نازک که گاهی طول هر شاخه آن به 3 فوت یا بیشتر میرسد و به مراتب از نوع Indica کمتر جوانه میزند.عنچه گل ممکن است در آب و هوای خنک به رنگ بنفش و در یک محیط گرم تر نارنجی تیره یا حتی قرمز روشن درآید که بطور قابل توجهی متفاوت است .

در ایالت های غرب و میانه اینگونه در در ماه اوت و سپتامبر به بلوغ میرسد ولی دارای Thc کمی است در حالیکه در مناطق استوایی از ماه نوامبر تا ژانویه به بلوغ میرسد . جوانه های ماریجوانا در نور کم بسیار لاغر و نحیف اما در نور زیاد اغلب بسیار قویند.

جوانه هایSativa دارای بوی شیرین و معطر و دود آنها معمولاً صاف است و باعث ایجاده سرفه نمی شود.

Sativa در سراسر جهان یافت میشود. Sativa سرعت مغز را بالا می برد ، باعث ایجاد انرژی می شود به طوری که هرکاری را می خواهید با سرعت انجام دهید.

اینگونه زیر نور مصنوعی سریعتر بالغ می شود و وزن و THC آن بیشتر و برای فروش سود بیشتری دارد .

Sativa High :
sativa قوی اغلب به عنوان نشاط بخشی و پرانرژی توصیف می شود. اثر ماری جوانا Sativa عمدتا مغزیی به طوری که احساس خوش بینی و خوب بودن ، و همچنین فراهم آوردن معیار خوبی برای تسکین درد است. Sativa دارای THC خالص بالایی است که کاملا توهم زاست.

Sativa بهترین انتخاب برای مصرف روزانه است.

این گیاه که معمولا بطور خودرو در مناطق گرمسیری می روید دارای سه گونه اصلی Sativa و Indica و Ruderalis است. فراورده های این گیاه در صنعت برای تولید کاغذ و الیاف و روغن و در پزشکی برای استفاده دارویی و برای منظور های روحانی، معنوی و همچنین کاربردهای تفریحی استفاده می شود.

ترکیبات موثره شاهدانه، کانابینوئید ها نامیده می شوند. انواع گوناگونی از کانابینوئید ها شامل تترا هیدرو کانابینول، کانابینول، کانابیدیول، اسید کانابینولیدیک، کانابیگرول و کانبیکرومن توسط گیاه سنتز می شوند. تترا هیدرو کانابینول دلتا-9 (Δ-9 THC ) بعنوان مسئول بیشتر آثار روانگردانی شاهدانه شناخته می شود که توسط گیرنده های کانابینوئیدی در مغز جذب می شود. گونه Sativa بیشتر دارای اثر روانی و محرک و گونه Indica بیشتر دارای اثر جسمی و آرامبخش است

METHODS OF USING CANNABIS vary. In the New World, marihuana (maconha in Brazil) is smoked—the dried, crushed flowering tips or leaves, often mixed with tobacco in cigarettes, or "reefers." Hasheesh, the resin from the female plant, is eaten or smoked, often in water pipes, by millions in Moslem countries of northern Africa and western Asia. In Afghanistan and Pakistan, the resin is commonly smoked. Asiatic Indians regularly employ three preparations narcotically: bhang consists of plants thst are gathered green, dried, and made into a drink with water or milk or into a candy (majun) with sugar and spices; charas, normally smoked or eaten with spices, is pure resin; ganjah, usually smoked with tobacco, consists of resin-rich dried tops from the female plant. Many of these unusually potent preparations may be derived from C. indica.

NARCOTIC USE OF CANNABIS has grown in popularity in the past 40 years as the plant has spread to nearly all parts of the globe. The narcotic use of cannabis in the United States dates from the 1920's and seems to have started in New Orleans and vicinity. Increase in the plant's use as an inebriant in Western countries, especially in urban centers, has led to major problems and dilemmas for European and American authorities. There is a sharp division of opinion as to whether the widespread narcotic use of cannabis is a vice that must be stamped out or is an innocuous habit that should be permitted legally. The subject is debated hotly, usually with limited knowledge. We do not yet have the medical, social, legal, and moral information on which to base a sound judgment. As one writer has said, the marihuana problem needs "more light and less heat." Controlled, scientifically valid experiments with cannabis, involving large numbers of individuals, have not as yet been madeEFFECTS OF CANNABIS, even more than of other hallucinogens, are highly variable from person to person and from one plant strain to another. This variability comes mainly from the unstable character of some of the constituents. Over a period of time, for example, the inactive cannabidiolic acid converts to active tetrahydrocannabinols and eventually to inactive cannabinol, such chemical changes usually taking place more rapidly in tropical than in cooler climates. Material from plants of different ages may thus vary in narcotic effect.
The principal narcotic effect is euphoria. The plant is sometimes not classified as hallucinogenic, and it is true that its characteristics are not typically psychotomimetic. Everything from a mild sense of ease and well-being to fantastic dreams and visual and auditory hallucinations are reported. Beautiful sights, wonderful music, and aberrations of sound often entrance the mind; bizarre adventures to fill a century take place in a matter of minutes.
Soon after taking the drug, a subject may find himself in a dreamy state of altered consciousness. Normal thought is interrupted, and ideas are sometimes plentiful though confused. A feeling of exaltation and inner joy may alternate, even dangerously, with feelings of depression, moodiness, uncontrollable fear of death, and panic. Perception of time is almost invariably altered. An exaggeration of sound, out of all relation to the real force of the sound emitted, may be accompanied by a curiously hypnotic sense of rhythm. Although the occasional vivid visual hallucinations may have sexual coloring, the often-reported aphrodisiac properties of the drug have not been substantiated.

In many parts of Asia the use of cannabis preparations is both socially and legally acceptable. In predominantly Moslem countries, Cannabis is usually smoked in water pipes sometimes called hookahs. The illustration shows an Afghani using one of the many kinds of water pipes seen in Asia.

شاه‌دانه
شاه‌دانه (به انگلیسی Cannabis) گیاهی یک ساله با برگهای قطره‌ای است. میوه این گیاه ریز و روغنی بوده و خاصیت آرامش بخش دارد که از آن برای درمان تخدیر نیز استفاده می‌شود. در فرهنگ لاتین به گل شاهدانه ماری جوانا گفته می‌شود. بهترین ماری جوانای دنیا در کشور جامائیکا می‌روید که سمبل این کشور برگ شاهدانه‌است.
گیاهی شبیه به گزنه که بلندیش تا دو متر می‌رسد برگ‌هایش دراز است و دانه‌هایی به اندازه فندق دارد که روغنی و بدبوست و از آن روغنی می‌گیرند که به مصرف تهیه صابون می‌رسد. از سر شاخه‌های گلدار آن بنگ و چرس گرفته می‌شود.
بر طبق بیانات مورخین، شاهدانه از اولین گیاهانی بوده که توسط بشر کشت شده است و استفاده از برگ شاهدانه به عنوان مخدر به بیش از ۳۰۰۰ قبل از میلاد می‌رسد. بر طبق گزارش سازمان ملل، سالانه حدود ۱۶۴ میلیون نفر از شاهدانه به عنوان مخدر استفاده می‌کنند و این در حالی است که قریب به ۲۳ میلیون نفر آنرا روزانه مصرف می‌کنند.

استعمال شاهدانه

گیاه شاهدانه نر دارای خاصیت مخدر ضعیف بوده و گیاه ماده یکی از پر طرفدار ترین مخدرهای دنیاست.
گیاه مؤنث شاهدانه دارای چندین گل است. به این گل‌ها ماری جوانا گفته می‌شود که پس از چیدن از گیاه و خشک شدن باید آنرا میان انگشتان گرفت و با فشار دادن به صورت ریز شده در آورد. داخل تخمدان، دانه‌های سیاه رنگی است که در حقیقت همان شاهدانه‌ای است که به عنوان آجیل در ایران مصرف می‌شود و طعم مطبوعی دارد. گلبرگ‌های ریز شده را همانند توتون سیگار در یک کاغذ می‌پیچند و اکثرا بدون فیلتر آنرا می‌کشند. اگر برای مصرف ماری جوانا دانه‌ای شاهدانه را جدا نکنند، هنگام کشیدن آن تولید صدای تق تق می‌کند و باعث چرب شدن کاغذ می‌شود. دود ناشی از کشیدن ماری جوانا بسیار زیاد و غلیط است.

تاثیرات

احساس سر خوشی غیر طبیعی

خنده آور

سرخی قابل توجه چشم‌ها

خشکی دهان

افزایش اشتها و عطش فراوان

انبساط عضلات

افزایش ضربان قلب

در نهایت خواب آلودگی و احساس آرامش

HISTORY OF CANNABIS USE dates to ancient times. Hemp fabrics from the late 8th century B.C. have been found in Turkey. Specimens have turned up in an Egyptian site nearly 4,000 years of age. In ancient Thebes, the plant was made into a drink with opium-like effects. The Scythians, who threw cannabis seeds and leaves on hot stones in steam baths to produce an intoxicating smoke, grew the plant along the Volga 3,000 years ago.
Chinese tradition puts the use of the plant back 4,800 years. Indian medical writing, compiled before 1000 B.C., reports therapeutic uses of cannabis. That the early Hindus appreciated its intoxicating properties is attested by such names as "heavenly guide" and soother of grief. " The Chinese referred to cannabis as "liberator of sin" and "delight giver." The Greek physician Galen wrote, about A.D. 160, that general use of hemp in cakes produced narcotic effects. In 13th century Asia Minor, organized murderers, rewarded with hasheesh, were known as hashishins from which may come the term assassin in European languages.
Hemp as a source of fiber was introduced by the Pilgrims to New England and by the Spanish and Portuguese to their colonies in the New World

Toloache (Datura inoxia) تاتوره مکزیک

2011-03-15T05:59:00.000-07:00

TOLOACHE (Datura inoxia; known also as D. meteloides), a coarser climbing annual native to Mexico and southwestern United States, has a long history of use as an hallucinogen. It was extremely important to the Aztecs, who called it toloatzin. Hernández recorded many medical uses but warned that taken in excess it would drive a patient to madness.
The modern Tarahumares still add the roots, seeds, and leaves to their maize beer. Zunis value the plant as a narcotic, an anesthetic, and a poultice for treating wounds. Only the rain priests are permitted to gather it. The priests put the powdered root in their eyes; also they chew the root to commune with spirits of the dead, asking intercession for rain.
The Luiseños use an infusion of toloache in an initiation ceremony. The young participants who drink it dance, screaming like animals, until they drop and succumb to the drug's effects. Yumans take it to induce dreams, gain occult powers, and predict the future. Yokuts use the drug in a spring ceremony to assure good health and long life to the young. The related D. discolor and D. wrightii of the same region are similarly used.

This Mexican thorn apple is a sacred hallucinogenic,
yerba del diablo in Castandas Don Juan.
Accustomed to tropical conditions it will quite
willingly grow indoors
Growing instructions
Sow early spring indoors. Pot up the seedlings
into individual pots as soon as the first true
leaf appears and plant them out after
the last expected frosts.

گیاه "داتورا" ( Datura) یا همان تاتوره از ریشه ایتالیایی گرفته شده و در کلیفرنیا دیده می شوداما اصالتا یک گیاه مکزیکی است.این گیاه یک گیاه علفی است و زندگی کوتاهی دارد و نیز قد کوتاهی.تا دو متر قد آن می رسد برگهای آن یک در میان هستند و بین 10-20 سانتی متر طول و 5-18 سانتی متر عرض دارند.رنگ گلهای آن سفید ، زرد، صورتی و بنفش روشن است.میوه آن به شکل کپسولی شبیه گردو است که 4-10 سانت طول ان است که خود به خود باز شده عمل بذر افشانی را برای گیاه انجام می دهند

این گیاه متعلق به جادوگران کلاسیک است که با مهر گیاه در یک رده قرار می گیرد.بیشتر قسمتهای این گیاه سمی و توهم زاست و تاریخچه طولانی از مرگ اور بودن توهم زایی آن وجود دارد کلمه Datura از واژه هندی dhatūrā می آید .تاتوره می تواند در شرایط متفاوتی زندگی کند .اگ در شرایط سایه و مرطوب باشد قد ان به تقریب اندازه انسان کوتاه قد می رسد و اکر در شرایط خشک و افتابی باشد انقدر کوتاه می ماند و برگهای کمی می دهد که به زحمت تا مچ پای انسان می رسد.این گیاه معمولا با بذر کاشته می شود که در گلدان کاشته می شود. بیشتر اینگونه گیاهان در فضای باز کاشته می شوند و در گلدان .به عنوان یک قانون انها نیاز به گرما ، نور افتاب و خاکی که ریشه انها را خشک نگهدارد دارند. اگر در گلدان کاشته می شوند باید منافذی برای تنفس ریشه ای داشته باشند و به دلیل اورگانیک به هیچ وجه کود برای ان مصرف نمیشود اگر با این گیاه مسموم شدید ، اب زیاد مصرف کنید و از فعالیت بپرهیزید و حرکات خود را ارام و کند کنید و هر چه می توانید استراحت کنید.هیچ داروی دیگری در هیچ شرایطی استفاده نکنید.در صورت احساس حرارت زیاد استفاده از وان اب مناسب است.سیگار نکشید .

خاک اهکی برای این گیاه مناسب است یا خاک شنی با خاک برگ.بذرها در ماه می ( خرداد یا اواخر اردیبهشت) شروع به رشد می کنند.فاصله بین گیاه باید بین 12-15 اینچ باشد .این گیاه به اندازه کافی مقاوم هست و نیاز به مراقبت ویژه ای ندارد.بذرها را می توان در اخر بهمن و اسفند و فروردین هم در جعبه و در جایی با حرارت خنک اما نه سرد و نه گرم کاشت و پس از اندکی رشد به گلدانی کوچک منتقل نمود که تا ماه تیر هر قدر بخواهند قادر به دریافت نور و هوا در محیطی باز که انها را می کارید باشند.کپسولهای حاوی بذر را به محض شکل گرفتن از گیاه جدا کنید تا باد انها را با خود نبرد

TORNA-LOCO (Datura ceratocaula) is a fleshy plant with thick, forking stems that grows in marshes and shallow waters. Its unusual habitat and its strong narcotic properties earned it a special place among the ancient Mexican hallucinogens. The Aztecs, who invoked its spirit in treating certain diseases, referred to it as "sister of ololiuqui," one of the morning glories (see p. 128). Its modern Mexican name, tornaloco ("maddening plant"), indicates its potency as a narcotic

Aconitum Napellus زهر هلاهل

2011-03-15T05:56:00.001-07:00

Common Names: Aconite, Aconito, Aconito Napello, Auld Wife's Huid, Blauer Eisenhut, Blue Rocket, Duivelskruid, European Monkshood, Friar's Cap, Kaplanbogan, Monk'Shood, Monk's-hood, Monkshood, Poison Aconite, Stormhat, True Monkshood, Tue Loup, Uva Verga, Venus' Chariot, Venus'-chariot, Yoshu-Tori-Kabuto, Habitat: Damp shady places and moist rich meadows in southern Wales and southwestern England.
Magickal Uses: *POISON* Don't ingest.
Gender: Feminine, Planet: Saturn, Sign: Capricorn, Element: Water, Deities: Hecate, Medea
Protection, Invisibility. Use this herb with great caution to consecrate the athame or ritual knife. Make an infusion with the leaves or root to banish prior energy from magickal blades and to infuse it with protection. The root or leaves may be burned as incense for the same purpose. Gather the fresh flowers to make a tincture to refresh the power of the knives. Use an infusion as a magickal wash for ritual tools or sacred space. Brings protection and magickal watchfulness against negative energies in ritual. Wash a new cauldron in the infusion or burn aconite in its first fire. Used to invoke Hecate. Wrap the seed in a lizard skin and carry to become invisible at will. Used to poison arrow tips in early times. Also as protection from and a cure for werewolves.
Edible Uses: HIGHLY TOXIC. Some reports suggest the root is edible if cooked, but these should be treated with extreme caution due to the highly toxic nature of the plant.
Medicinal Uses: Analgesic; Anodyne; Antirheumatic; Diaphoretic; Diuretic; Febrifuge; Homeopathy; Irritant; Sedative. Aconite has been used since ancient times, especially as an antidote to poisoning. Since the entire plant is itself very toxic, however, any use should be under the guidance of a skilled practitioner. All parts of the plant are used medicinally. The root is the most important and this is harvested as soon as the plant dies down in the autumn and is dried before use. The other parts of the plant are less important and are used fresh, being harvested when the plant is coming into flower. The root is analgesic, anodyne, antirheumatic, diaphoretic, diuretic, irritant and sedative. Due to its poisonous nature, it is not normally used internally though it has been used in the treatment of fevers. Externally, it is applied to unbroken skin in the treatment of rheumatism, painful bruises, neuralgia etc. All parts of the plant, except the root, are harvested when the plant is in flower and used to make a homeopathic medicine. This is analgesic and sedative and is used especially in the treatment of fevers, inflammation, bronchitis, neuralgia etc.
Cultivation: Thrives in most soils and in the light shade of trees. Grows well in heavy clay soils. Prefers a moist soil in sun or semi-shade. Plants only thrive in a sunny position if the soil remains moist throughout the growing season. Prefers a calcareous soil. Tolerates a pH in the range 4.5 to 7.5. Plants take 2 - 3 years to flower when grown from seed. Grows well in open woodlands. The flowers are very attractive to bees. Members of this genus seem to be immune to the predations of rabbits and deer. Although the plant is a perennial, individual roots only live for one year and die after flowering. Each root produces a number of 'daughter' roots before it dies and these can be used for propagating the plant. A greedy plant, inhibiting the growth of nearby species, especially legumes. An aggregate species which is divided by some botanists into many species.
Propagation: Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame. The seed can be stratified and sown in spring but will then be slow to germinate. When large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in a cold frame for their first winter. Plant them out in late spring or early summer. Division - best done in spring but it can also be done in autumn. Another report says that division is best carried out in the autumn or late winter because the plants come into growth very early in the year.

[Use] Extra care. Sow outdoors in fall for spring germination. The seed must be subjected to 2 or more weeks of warm, moist temperatures followed by 6 weeks or more of freezing temperatures. Expect germination as the ground warms up. Flowers in the second or third year to a height of four feet.
From the Mich. State Univ. Extension:
Hardiness Zone: 3 to 8
Height: 4 ft Spacing: 18 in
Type: herbaceous perennial
Flowers: Blue
Propagation: Propagation is by seed, or division done in autumn or early spring. Delay division until the plants absolutely need it. Starting seed may not be reliable. The seed needs moist storage at 41 degrees for six weeks to overcome dormancy.
Mode of poisoning: Ingestion.
Poisonous Part: All parts.
Symptoms: Burning of lips and mouth, numbness of throat; intense vomiting and diarrhea, muscular weakness and spasms, weak pulse, paralysis of the respiratory system, convulsions; may be fatal.
Toxic Principle:Alkaloids aconitine and others.
Description---The plant is a hardy perennial, with a fleshy, spindle-shaped root, palecoloured when young, but subsequently acquiring a dark brown skin. The stem is about 3 feet high, with dark green, glossy leaves, deeply divided in palmate manner and flowers in erect clusters of a dark blue colour. The shape of the flower is specially designed to attract and utilize bee visitors, especially the humble bee. The sepals are purple - purple being specially attractive to bees - and are fancifully shaped, one of them being in the form of a hood. The petals are only represented by the two very curious nectaries within the hood, somewhat in the form of a hammer; the stamens are numerous and lie depressed in a bunch at the mouth of the flower. They are pendulous at first, but rise in succession and place their anthers forward in such a way that a bee visiting the flower for nectar is dusted with the pollen, which he then carries to the next flower he visits and thereby fertilizes the undeveloped fruits, which are in a tuft in the centre of the stamens, each carpel containing a single seed.
In the Anglo-Saxon vocabularies it is called thung, which seems to have been a general name for any very poisonous plant. It was then called Aconite (the English form of its Greek and Latin name), later Wolf's Bane, the direct translation of the Greek Iycotonum, derived from the idea that arrows tipped with the juice, or baits anointed with it, would kill wolves - the species mentioned by Dioscorides seems to have been Aconitum lycotonum. In the Middle Ages it became Monkshood and Helmet-flower, from the curious shape of the upper sepal overtopping the rest of the flower. This was the ordinary name in Shakespeare's days.
The generic name is said to have been derived from , a dart, because it was used by barbarous races to poison their arrows, or from akone, cliffy or rocky, because the species grow in rocky glens. Theophrastus, like Pliny, derived the name from Aconae, the supposed place of its origin. The specific name, Napellus, signifies a little turnip, in allusion to the shape of the roots.

Reputed for its deadly charms, monkshood was formally administered to criminals. But the lethal alpine plant also holds invaluable healing qualities known to various cultures. In medieval Germany it was used in the concoction of Flugsalbe, a hallucinogenic flying potion. Caution: The whole plant is very poisonous and is particularly dangerous for children!Growing instructions
This plant is a cold-germinator. The sowing must be kept cold for a period of some weeks (refrigerator) or you sow them in very early spring or autumn. Mix the seeds with damp sand in a plastic bag. The sowing must be kept warm (about 20°C / 64 to 72°F and moist for the first 2-4 weeks. After this period place it in your refrigerator at a temperature of 5°C (between 25 and 39°F) for 5 to 6 weeks. After that take the bag out and keep it at room temperature. Check for sprouted seed regulary.
Cultivation---The chief collecting centres for foreign Aconite root have been the Swiss Alps, Salzburg, North Tyrol and Vorarlberg. Much was also formerly collected in Germany. Supplies from Spain and Japan are imported, so that the demand for English Aconite is somewhat restricted. The official Aconite is directed by the British Pharmacopceia to be derived only from plants cultivated in England, and a certain amount of home-grown Aconite has been regularly produced by the principal drug-farms, though good crops are grown with some difficulty in England, and cultivation of Aconite has not paid very well in recent years. Aconite prefers a soil slightly retentive of moisture, such as a moist loam, and flourishes best in shade. It would probably grow luxuriantly in a moist, open wood, and would yield returns with little further trouble than weeding, digging up and drying.
In preparing beds for growing Aconite, the soil should be well dug and pulverized by early winter frosts - the digging in of rotten leaves or stable manure is advantageous.
It can be raised from seed, sown 1/2 inch deep in a cold frame in March, or in a warm position outside in April, but great care must be exercised that the right kind is obtained, as there are many varieties of Aconite- about twenty-four have been distinguished - and they have not all the same active medicinal properties. It takes two or three years to flower from seed.
Propagation is usually by division of roots in the autumn. The underground portion of the plants are dug up after the stem has died down, and the smaller of the 'daughter' roots that have developed at the side of the old roots are selected for replanting in December or January to form new stock, the young roots being planted about a foot apart each way. The young shoots appear above ground in February. Although the plants are perennial, each distinct root lasts only one year, the plant being continued by 'daughter' roots.
This official Aconite is also the species generally cultivated in gardens, though nearly all the species are worth growing as ornamental garden flowers, the best perhaps being A. Napellus, both white and blue, A. paniculatum, A. Japonicum and A. autumnale. All grow well in shade and under trees. Gerard grew four species in his garden: A. lyocotonum, A. variegatum, A. Napellus and A. Pyrenaicum

اقونیطون مأخوذ از یونانی داروئی مخدر و مسکن
که یک قسم آنرا باغبانهای تهران گل تاج الملوک گویندگیاه دایمی و افراشته که ریشه آن غده ای است. برگها سبز تیره، دارای تقسیمات عمیق، گلها به رنگ آبی تیره در فصل پاییز روی گل آذین های سنبله ظاهر می شوند. حداکثر بلندی ۱۵۰ و گستردگی آن به ۳۰ سانتیمتر می رسد.
جهت کاشت در ردیف پشتی حاشیه های گلکاری مناسب است.
نیازها: مکان آفتابی و یا سایه، خاک حاصلخیز که دارای زهکش خوب باشد. فاصله ۳۰ سانتیمتر برای کاشت بین دو بوته مناسب است. حداقل دمای قابل تحمل آن ۱۵- درجه سانتیگراد است.
ازدیاد: از طریق تقسیم گیاه هر دو یا سه سال یکبار در فصل پاییز پس از پایان گلدهی امکان پذیر است. هنگام تقسیم تنها غده های بزرگتر را جدا نموده و مجددا می کارند.
شرح گیاه
گیاهی است چند ساله علفی، پایا و به ارتفاع 50 تا 150 سانتی متر که به حالت خودرو در نقاط مرطوب و سایه دار نواحی کوهستانی تا ارتفاع 2500 متری می روید و امروزه به منظور استفاده های خاص یا زینتی پرورش داده می شود. آکونیت ریشه متورم ضخیم ، گوشتدار و ساقه ای پوشیده از برگهای بی کرک و به رنگ سبز تیره در سطح فوقانی پهنک دارد. پهنک برگ آن دارای بریدگیهای متعدد و عمیق است. گلهای درشت و زیبای آن به رنگ آبی گاهی ارغوانی یا سفید، نامنظم و مجتمع به صورت خوشه دراز است از مشخصات آقونیطون آنست که در ناحیه یقه یعنی قسمت بالای ریشه گیاه پس از ظاهر شدن ساقه بر دار، معمولاً یک یا دو جوانه جانبی پدید می آید. این جوانه ها پس از آنکه چند سانتی متر از یکدیگر فاصله پیدا کردند خمیدگی حاصل نموده در داخل خاک فرو می روند و بر اثر رشد و نمو تدریجی به ریشه ای متورم تبدیل می شوند به نحوی که در همان اواخر سال اول گیاه دارای 2 تا 3 غده متورم که یکی از آنها غده اصلی و مادر است می گردد پس از خاتمه گل دادن غده های کوچک مذکور در این زمان از نظر رنگ و حجم شباهت به تربچه های سیاه رنگ و کوچک دارند، که در سال بعد رشد و نمو کافی پیدا کرده و هر یک باعث پیدایش یک ساقه گلدار می شوند.
محل مناسب رویش
به حال خودرو در نقاط مرطوب و سایه دار نواحی کوهستانی تا ارتفاع 2500 متری و جهت پرورش آن زمینهای رسی سیلیسی سبک مناسب است.
روش کاشت
دانه های رسیده گیاه را معمولاً شهریور ماه در زمین آماده و اصلاح شده، در امتداد خطوطی با فاصله 20 سانتی متر در عمق خاک می کارند.
تکثیر بوسیله غده
تکثیر آقونیطون اگر به وسیله غده های جوان صورت گیرد باید در پائیز انجام شود این عمل متداولترین روش برای تکثیر گیاه می باشد و معمولاً بهتر از روش تکثیر آن به کمک دانه نتیجه می دهد. برای این کار غده ها را در زمین شخم زده و کود دار در امتداد خطوطی به فواصل 50 سانتی متری به نحوی می کارند که هر یک از دیگری حداقل 20 سانتی متر فاصله داشته باشد. با این روش حدود 100 هزار غده در هکتار کاشته می شود. دوران گل دهی خرداد تا شهریور

زمان برداشت
خرداد تا مهر که پس از در آوردن غده های (پیاز) از خاک و تمیز کردن باید آنها را به طور طولی بریده و سریعاً در درجه حرارت 40 تا 50 درجه سانتی گراد خشک نمود البته همانطور که ذکر شد عمل برداشت برگ و ریشه در زمان گل دادن گیاه انجام می گیرد و باید در موقع خارج کردن ریشه از خاک که به صورت غده های متورم در آمده اند انواع سنگین تر را انتخاب نمود. تذکر : از گیاهان سمی می باشد

Medicinal Action and Uses---Anodyne, diuretic and diaphoretic. The value of Aconite as a medicine has been more fully realized in modern times, and it now rank as one of our most useful drugs. It is much used in homoeopathy. On account of its very poisonous nature, all medicines obtained from it come, however, under Table 1 of the poison schedule: Aconite is a deadly poison. Both tincture and liniment of Aconite are in general use, and Aconite is also used in ointment and sometimes given as hypodermic injection. Preparations of Aconitc are employed for outward application locally to the skin to diminish the pain of neuralgia, lumbago and rheumatism.
The official tincture taken internelly diminishes the rate and force of the pulse in the early stages of fevers and slight local inflammations, such as feverish cold, larnyngitis, first stages of pneumonia and erysipelas; it relieves the pain of neuralgia, pleurisy and aneurism. In cardiac failure or to prevent same it has been used with success, in acute tonsilitis children have been well treated by a dose of 1 to 2 minims for a child 5 to 10 years old; the dose for adults is 2 to 5 minims, three times a day.
---Note---The tincture of Aconite of the British Pharmacopoeia 1914 is nearly double the strength of that in the old Pharmacopoeia of 1898.
Externally the linament as such or mixed with chloroform or belladonna liniment is useful in neuralgia or rheumatism.

گیاه دایمی و افراشته كه ریشه آن غده ای است
برگها سبز تیره، دارای تقسیمات عمیق، گلها به رنگ آبی تیره
در فصل پاییز روی گل آذین های سنبله ظاهر می شوند
حداكثر بلندی ۱۵۰ و گستردگی آن به ۳۰ سانتیمتر می رسد
جهت كاشت در ردیف پشتی حاشیه های گلكاری مناسب است
نیازها: مكان آفتابی و یا سایه، خاك حاصلخیز كه دارای زهكش خوب باشد
فاصله ۳۰ سانتیمتر برای كاشت بین دو بوته مناسب است
حداقل دمای قابل تحمل آن ۱۵- درجه سانتیگراد است
ازدیاد: از طریق تقسیم گیاه هر دو یا سه سال یكبار
در فصل پاییز پس از پایان گلدهی امكان پذیر است
هنگام تقسیم تنها غده های بزرگتر را جدا نموده و مجددا می كارند

Poppy - Papaver خشخاش

2011-03-15T05:53:00.001-07:00

Common Names: Adormidera, Adormidero, Blue Bread Seed Poppy, Chandu, Gelinjik, Hashas, Kheshkhash Abu Al Noum, Madat, Mawseed, O Fang, O Fu Jung, O P'Ien, Opium, Opium Poppy, Poppy, Poppy, Opium, Poppy, Opium, Tengkoh, White Poppy, Ya P'Ien, Yu Mi Habitat: Not known in a truly wild situation.
Magickal Uses: *POISON* See .
Edible Uses: Leaves; Oil; Seed. Seed - raw or cooked. Much used as a flavouring in cakes, bread, fruit salads etc, it imparts a very nice nutty flavour. The crushed and sweetened seeds are used as a fillling in crepes, strudels, pastries etc. The seeds are perfectly safe to eat, containing very little if any of the narcotic principles. Highly nutritious, the seed contains about 22.7% protein, 48% fat, 9.8% carbohydrate, 7.1% ash. The seeds are rather small, but there are large numbers of them contained in capsules 3cm or more in diameter and so they are easy to harvest and utilize. Edible young leaves - raw or cooked. They must be used before the flower buds have formed. One report says that the leaves do not contain any narcotic principles. Some caution is advised, see notes at top of the page. A high quality edible drying oil is obtained from the seed. It has an almond flavour and makes a good substitute for olive oil.
Medicinal Uses: Anodyne; Antispasmodic; Antitussive; Astringent; Diaphoretic; Emmenagogue; Expectorant; Homeopathy; Hypnotic; Narcotic; Sedative. The opium poppy contains a wide range of alkaloids and has been a very valuable medicine, especially useful in bringing relief from pain. Its use (especially of the extracted alkaloids opium and morphine which it contains) can become addictive, however, and so it should be treated with extreme caution and only be used under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. The dried juice (latex) from the unripe green seed vessels is a rich source of the active alkaloids, including morphine. It is extracted by making shallow incisions in the capsules as soon as the petals have fallen. Care must be taken that the incisions do not penetrate to the interior of the seed capsules. The latex exudes from the capsules and dries in contact with the air - it is then scraped off. This latex is anodyne, antitussive, astringent, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative. As well as its pain-relieving properties, the latex has also been used as an antispasmodic and expectorant in treating certain kinds of coughs, whilst its astringent properties make it useful in the treatment of dysentery etc. A homeopathic remedy is made from the dried latex. This is used in the treatment of a variety of complaints, including constipation, fevers and insomnia.
Cultivation: Prefers a rich well-drained sandy loam in a sunny position. Requires a moist soil but does not do well on wet clays. Prefers a sandy loam or a chalky soil. Plants often self-sow in British gardens. The opium poppy is a very ornamental plant that is often cultivated in the flower garden. There are many named varieties, some of which have been developed for their edible uses. The plant is widely grown, often illegally, in warm temperate and tropical climates for the substances contained in its sap. These are often used medicinally as pain killers, especially in the treatment of terminally ill patients suffering extreme pain, they are also used for their narcotic effects by some people. These substances are highly addictive and lead to a shortening of the life span if used with any frequency. In cool temperate zones the plant does not produce sufficient of the narcotic principles to make their extraction feasible and cultivation of the plant is perfectly legal in Britain. Plants have ripened their seeds as far north as latitude 69°n in Norway. Members of this genus are rarely if ever troubled by browsing deer or rabbits.
Propagation: Seed - sow spring or autumn in situ.

Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy, is an annual cultivar that grows from three to five feet tall and has white-to-pink, red, or purple flowers. The opium poppy is one of the most significant plants in history, having had considerable impact on the human condition and quality of life; both for good and bad.
Although it is often believed to be first cultivated in Asia, the opium poppy’s home actually lies in northern Italy, southern Germany and Switzerland, dating back at least 4,000 years as evidenced by fossil remains of poppy pods found in Neolithic Swiss lake dwellings. There are reports that the plant is also native to southern France, Spain, and northwestern Africa. Opium was said to be consumed by the ancient Egyptians, as well as the Greeks.
The opium poppy is one of the most important medicinal plants in the history of pharmaceuticals. It contains a latex - loaded with up to fifty strong alkaloids - which was known in ancient times as “the juice of the plant of forgetting” and as “tears of the moon.” Regarded as the nourishment of divining dragons and as a sleeping and dreaming agent, the Minoan culture used opium to induce ecstatic states for religious ceremonies. The shaman would give oracles and divine the future while under the influence of opium. According to Theocritus, the poppy grew from the tears that Aphrodite shed as she mourned her youthful lover Adonis, hence another of its earliest names “tears of Aphrodite.”
It is likely that the psychological effects of opium may have been known to the ancient Sumerians, based on early documentation of a Sumerian tablet (3000 B.C.E.) that described a “plant of happiness,” through the use of their symbols for poppies: hul = "joy" and gil = “plant.” The first literary notes of the opium poppy occurred in Homer’s Illiad and The Odyssey (850 B.C.). Hippocrates (460-357 B.C.) prescribed drinking the juice of the white poppy mixed with the seed of nettle.
Ancient peoples considered this a sacred medicinal plant and a source of powerful shamanic potions. The opium poppy was a magical ritual plant among the Germanic tribes. They reportedly planted poppies in fields that were known as odâinsackr and revered as convalescent sites where healing miracles would take place.
Papaver somniferum was considered sacred to the Germanic god Lollus. The name Lollus suggests the German word lallen (“slur”). It is surmised that Lollus, who was an oracular god known to “speak in tongues,” could have actually been slurring from being inebriated on opium. Speaking in tongues, also known as glossalalia, is a type of unconscious flow of speech that has been known since ancient times and appears both in shamanic rituals and religious cults.
The Great Mother goddess Cybele was depicted holding poppy capsules in her hand, as was Hypnos, the god of sleep and the “resolver of cares.” Hermes (or Mercury) carried the plant in his left hand. Thanatos, or Death, was decorated with garlands of poppies, while Nyx, the goddess of the night, was portrayed with poppies wrapped around her temples. Poppy seeds were an important ritual smoke offering to Hypnos, the god of sleep, at the Orphic mysteries, a cult of Dionysus.
Pliny the Elder, the ancient Roman author and naturalist, warned of the dangers of opium; however, its use as a medicine created addicts, such as the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, and the great Arabic physician Avicenna died of an unintentional overdose of opium in wine. Later addicts included Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Dumas, Edgar Allen Poe, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. So feared was addiction that France prohibited the sale of opium in the mid-1700s.
Its latex is collected by piercing the immature seed pod with a knife and then scraping off the coagulated latex into a container. When this powerful latex is exposed to air, it coalesces into the dark brown, dry, sticky mass known as opium, derived from the Greek word opos, which means “plant juice.”
Papaver somniferum was documented in China dating back to the fourth century A.D., when famed Chinese physician and surgeon Hua To used preparations of opium with Cannabis indica to help sedate patients before undergoing surgical procedures. By the fifteenth century, opium was used in great quantities in Beijing and celebrated as the best of all aphrodisiacs.
Women in Oriental harems used opium in a drawn-out ritualistic fashion. They would spend their evenings ingesting opium pills and inhaling hookahs filled with opium smoking mixtures, dreaming of far-off worlds beyond their lattice-windowed “jails.” They preferred eating opium because the effects lasted longer and their dreams would linger until the sunrise. They would partake so much opium that it would produce amnesia; night after night they followed this ritual of induced chronic insomnia followed by amnesia. Soon they would forget their faraway homes and families, and their lives before the harem.
Widespread opium use began in China with the introduction of the tobacco trade by the Dutch in the 17th century. The Chinese mixed opium with tobacco and would smoke the mixture in long-stemmed pipes. This practice was adopted throughout the region and resulted in increased opium smoking, both with and without tobacco. By the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company controlled the prime poppy growing regions and dominated the Asian opium trade.
Morphine was first isolated from opium in 1805 by the German pharmacist Friedrich Wilhelm Sertürner, who named the bitter white crystalline alkaloid morphium after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams. We know it today as morphine.
By the late 1800s, opium was being heavily used in China as a recreational drug. The Imperial court banned its use and importation but large quantities were still being smuggled into China by the British. The Emperor petitioned Queen Victoria for help but was ignored. In reaction, the English initiated the Opium War of 1840-1842 purely from economic motives, which led to far-reaching changes in world politics and the shape of international trade. The British required that the opium trade be allowed to continue. In addition, the Chinese were forced to pay a large settlement and cede Hong Kong to the British Empire.

By the 1850s, pure alkaloids, rather than the earlier crude opium preparations, were being commonly prescribed for the relief of aches and pains, coughs, and diarrhea. This period also saw the invention and introduction of the hypodermic syringe. Opium contains morphine, codeine, noscapine, papaverine, and thebaine. All but thebaine are used clinically as analgesics to reduce pain without a loss of consciousness. Thebaine is without analgesic effect but is of great pharmaceutical value due to its use in the production of semisynthetic opioid morphine analogues such as oxycodone, dihydromorphenone and hydrocodone

به صورت خوردن، كشيدن يا تزريقي مورد مصرف قرار مي گيرد. ترياك از نظر طبقه بندي فارماكولژي، تضعيف كننده فعاليتهاي سلسله اعصاب مركزي است.
علائم مصرف ترياك
مهمترين علائم مصرف ترياك و مشتقات آن عبارتند از : 1- خواب آلودگي با حضور ذهن, 2- تسكين درد, 3- انبساط خاطر و آرامش, 4- احساس گنگ و مبهم به زمان و مكان, 5- بخواب رفتن با آرامش و تخيلات مطبوع, 6- سستي اراده و ضعف حركات فعاله و 7- كاهش اميال جنسي.
تصوير2- ترياك پرورده

اثرات دلپذير و آرامش بخش مواد مخدر بسته به مصرف دارو و تحمل شخص بمدت چهار تا شش ساعت ادامه مي يابد و پس از آن مرحله خماري فرا مي رسد كه بصورت خميازه و آبريزش از بيني, بيقراري, بي اشتهائي, افسردگي, تهوع و استفراغ مي باشد.
بعد از كشيدن به اصطلاح چند "بست" ترياك, توجه فرد بر روي خودش متمركز شده و گرايش شديدي به آرامش پيدا مي كند. درحقيقت اعصابش آرام و اراده اش سست شده و در تفكر و خيال فرو مي رود و از معاشرت با ديگران تا حدودي پرهيز مي كند و از وزن و زمان و فضا آزاد مي شود. و دگرگوني در جهت يابي زماني- فضائي در وي ايجاد مي شود. مصرف ترياك سبب مي شود تا گذشته وآينده فرد با هم مخلوط شده و مجموعه "حال" را برايش ايجاد نمايد و از زمان آزاد گردد.
شخص معتاد به ترياك در خيال واهي خود پس از استعمال ترياك احساس مي كند كه داراي روشن بيني زياد و قدرت فهم و قضاوت هوشيارانه و بينش و ادراك اصيل از دنياي اطرافش مي باشد و از اين كه بدون هيچ سعي و كوششي داراي اين حالت در تفكر و تصور گرديده ابتدا تعجب مي كند. ولي رفته رفته در حالت كيف فرورفته و احساس خوشي و خوشبختي به وي دست مي دهد و درنتيجه نسبت به محيط اطراف خود بيگانه و بي تفاوت مي گردد.
با توجه به مطالب ذكرشده, فرد معتاد به ترياك به سهولت مي تواند, ساعات شبانه روز را با بي خوابي و روياهاي رضايتبخش ادامه دهد. و بتدريج در وي وابستگي و بندگي ايجاد شود و در فواصل بست يا پيپ ها اين فرد انرژي خود را از دست داده و اندوهگين و بي حوصله مي شود و حالت يكنواختي در صدا و كندي در حركاتش نمايان مي شود.

بوته خشخاش از گياهان آسياي صغير بوده است. (مارسل گرانيرد وايه) (Marcel Granin Doyeux) معاون سابق بخش كنترل مواد مخدر در سازمان ملل متحد، متخصص و دارو شناس و نزوئلايي در اين باره گفته است كه:
(در لوحه هاي سومري متعلق به سه يا چهار هزار سال پيش از ميلاد مسيح مطالبي پيرامون گياه ترياك نوشته شده و آن را (گياه شادي بخش) ناميده اند. متون آشوري، مصري و يوناني در مورد استفاده ترياك در زمانهاي قديم مطالب بسياري دارند).
در كتاب اديسه هومر آمده است كه (النا) (Elena) همسر شاه (منلائو) شربتي به (تلماكو) (Telemaco) داد. از جستجوي بي حاصل پدر غمگين بود، (مروفه) (Morfer) خداي رويا و خيال در داستانهاي اساطيري يونان – گل خشخاش بدست مي گيرد.
هرودت، ارسطو و هيپوكرات در كتابهايشان از ترياك بسيار سخن گفته اند. زنان مصري از شربت ترياك براي فرونشاندن خشم و تسكين غم استفاده مي كرده اند، از زمان (ارسطو) تا (ويرژيل) شاعر رومي و ديگر نويسندگان يونان و رم همواره از خشخاش و ترياك سخن گفته اند. صحبت از آن، در قرون وسطي نيز ادامه يافت.
برخي مطالعات نشان مي دهد، اين ماده در قرن هشتم (ميلادي) در هند رايج شده و عده اي عقيده دارند، سابقه استفاده از آن در هند به دروازه قرن قبل از لشكر كشي اسكندر مقدوني مي رسد.

گياه خشخاش
به نظر مي رسد اولين تركيب دارويي ترياك در قرن 16 ميلادي به دست آمد و آن را به نام كاشف سوئيسي اش ناميدند كه دكتر پاراسلوس بود.(Claudanum Para cel si), (Dr. Paracelsus)
يك پزشك انگليسي به نام توماس سيدنهام (Thomas Sydenham) كه افلاطون انگلستان ناميده شده، نيز در قرن هفدهم م. داروي جديدي را با ترياك تهيه كرد.
در قرن نوزدهم م. بسياري ديگر از فرآورده هاي آن ( مورفين ، كدئين و... ) كشف گرديد.
گيـــــاه خشخاش از ناحيــــــه آسياي صغير به يونان منتقـــــل شده، اگـــــر چه در بعضـــي منــــابع آمــــده است كه در اروپـــــا مجـــــارها اولين ملتي هستند كه با گياه خشخاش آشنا شده اند و گياه شناسان اين كشور، اين آشنايي را از هزار و دويست سال قبل از ميلاد به بعد مي دانند. ولي هومر شاعر نابينا و حماسه سراي يوناني كه احتمالا 600 سال قبل از ميلاد مي زيسته در آثار خود از گل خشخاش ياد مي كند كه در باغهاي شهر روم كشت مي شده و چون يونانيان زمان سقراط يعني حدود چهار صد سال قبل از ميلاد از تاثيرات طبي ترياك سخن گفته اند، مي توان گفت كه حداقل آشنايي يونانيان با تاثيرات طبي مخدرها به چند صد سال قبل از ميلاد مسيح بر مي گردد.
گياه خشخاش

بقراط در چهار صد سال قبل از ميلاد مسيح و نئوفراست در همان تاريخ از ترياك براي درمان اسهال و رفع درد استفاده مي كرده اند.
از نوشته هاي پاپيروس بر مي آيد كه مصري ها از زمانهاي قديم (اپيوم) استعمال مي كرده اند و اسم (Thebaica) مشتق از شهر (Thebes) است كه در آنجا خشخاش نيز مي كاشتند.
در ژاپن تا قرن پانزدهم ميلادي گياه خشخاش كشت نشده بود، در دايره المعارف بريتانيكا آمده كه ترياك در قرن هفتم قبل از ميلاد مسيح در چنين كشت مي شده و به وسيله تركها و عربها در قرون 6 و 7 به چين برده شده و تا قرن هفدهم ميلادي براي تسكين دردها و به طور محدود مورد استفاده بوده است. در قرن هيجدم م. مصرف دارويي ترياك در دنيا حدود 1700 تن بود.
ترياك خام (طبيعي) به صورت گلوله، چانه، قرص، قالبي، آجري و حتي به صورت پودر عرضه مي گرديد و در قديم براي تسكين درد به طور مايع و جامد استفاده مي شده است.
در ايران، پزشكان عالي قدري مانند شيخ الرييس ابوعلي سينا (370 – 427 ه. ق) و ابوبكر محمد بن زكرياي رازي (251- 313 ه. ق) از ترياك در مواد گوناگون بيماري ها استفاده كرده اند و در اشعار شعرايي كه پس از اين دو دانشمند مي زيسته اند، به موارد طبي ترياك اشاراتي شده است.
اگر چه خوردن ترياك در چيــــن معمول بود، ولي دود كردن و كشيدن ترياك از آمريكاي شمالي به چين رسيد و رايج گرديد. بعضي از مــــردم تــــرياك را با توتون مخلوط مي كردند، و بزودي كشيدن ترياك به حدي بين مردم گسترش يافت و عمومي شد كه حتي به درباريان هم سرايت كرد و به عنوان يك مشكل بزرگ اجتماعي چين در آمد كه در سال 1729 م. توسط امپراطور (يانگ چينگ، 1735 – 1723 م.) ممنوع اعلام شد.
فروش و كشيدن ترياك ممنوع گرديد و موقتا به تجارت ترياك لطمه زد. با وجود اين لطمه، كمپاني انگليسي هند شرقي به كشت ترياك در ايالت بنگال هند ادامه داده و آن را در سال 1775 م. به وسيله (ناركي وارن هستينگ) كه از صورت يك كارمند ساده به حكمراني كليه املاك انگليس در هند رسيده بود، در انحصار خود گرفت و او اين ماده را با نرخي ارزان و مقدار فراوان عرضه مي كرد.
كمپاني ، خود مستقيما در چين فعاليت فروش نداشت و ترياك را به بازرگانان بزرگ و خصوصي چين در ساحل تحويل مي داد و بازرگانان ياد شده آن را در بازارهاي چين به فروش مي رساندند، و در ازاي فروش ترياك، طلا و نقره و گاهي هم چاي، كتان، ابريشم به نمايندگان كمپاني تحويل مي دادند.
مقدار ترياكي كه كمپاني ياد شده در سال 1729 م. به چين داده، 200 صندوق بود كه در سال 1767 م. به 1000 و در سال 1820 م. به 10000 و از 1830 تا 1838 م . به 40000 صندوق افزايش يافت.
در ماه مارس 1839 م. امپراطور وقت، (لين چه هسو) را كه مردي قاطع بود به كانتون فرستاد و او پس از گفتگوهاي بي نتيجه با تجار خارجي و چيني دستور داد بيش از 20000 صندوق كه حاوي حدود يك ميليون و نيم كيلو ترياك بود، مصادره شود. صندوقها را به ساحل بردند و (لين) شخصا در ميان ابراز احساسات مردم، آنها را آتش زد، آتشي كه 20 روز روشن بود.
به موازات انگليس ها و همراه با آنها پرتغاليها و ديگر كشورهاي غربي حتي ايالات متحده آمريكا از تركيه و هند ترياك تهيه كرده و به تجارت آن در چين مي پرداختند. مشكل ترياك سرانجام منجر به جنگهاي ترياك در سالهاي 42- 1839 م . و 60- 1856 م. شد.
در فاصله جنگ هاي اول و دوم، تجارت ترياك در چين از 50000 به 60000 صندوق افزايش يافت.
در ســــال 1907. (چينگ) توانست جلوي ورود ترياك را به داخل چين بگيرد و تا سال 1917 م. ورود تــرياك از هند به چين ممنوع بود ولي چيني ها خود مبادرت به كشت خشخاش در داخل كشورشان كردند.
با وجود ممنوعيت هـــاي فرمانروايان چين، در اوايل جنگ جهاني اول باز هم بيش از هفتاد ميليون كيلو ترياك وارد چين شد.
گويا در سال 1937 م. حدود 4 ميليون نفر چيني به ترياك معتاد بوده اند كه نامشان ثبت شده بود و در سال 1938 م (مائو) رهبر حزب كمونيست چين مي شود.
در دهه هاي 1940 تا 1980 م مبارزه شديد عليه اعتياد و درمانهاي اساسي و گسترده براي معالجه اعتياد در چين جريان داشته و اين كشور تجربيات با ارزشي در اين زمينه دارد.
هم اكنون در ناحيه يونتان در جنوب غربي چين كه در مجاورت برمه، لائوس و تايلند (مثلث طلايي) قرار دارد، كشت خشخاش براي استفاده دارويي مجاز است و همين امر موجب بقاي اعتياد در اين ناحيه شده و ضمنا گزارش شده ترياك از اين منطقه تا حدودي به صورت غير قانوني از بنادر چين به هنگ كنگ و غيره قاچاق مي شود.

تاريخچه ترياك در ايران
در ايران كشت ترياك در دوره سلسله صفويه براي مصرف داخلي كه در ايران گسترش سرسام آوري داشته، تا حدي كه بعضي از پادشاهان اين سلسله هم معتاد بودند، ولي با دقت در اشعار شعراي پيش از اين تاريخ گويا ايرانيان پيش از اين دوره هم ترياك خواري داشته اند.
تاورنيه و شاردن كه در زمان صفويه از ايران ديدن كرده اند، مي نويسند: (خوردن ترياك و كوكنار در ايران رايج است).
فرير (Freyer) طبيب و جراح كمپاني انگليسي هند شرقي كه در سال 1087 ه. ق از ايران ديدن كرده، در سفر نامه خود مي نويسد: "ايرانيها هر وقت بخواهند كيفور شوند، ترياك مصرف مي كنند" و اضافه مي نمايد: " كه معتادين مي توانند مقدار زيادي از اين ماده مصرف كنند بدون آنكه ناراحتي پيدا نمايند و آنها حالتي شبيه به مستي پيدا مي كنند و در بين آنان ضرب المثلي وجود دارد كه مي گويند: در كرمان از هر سه نفر چهار نفرشان ترياكي هستند".
استعمار انگليس پس از به زانو در آوردن هند، بر آن شد كه ميان لندن و هندوستان خط ارتباطي تلگراف برقرار كند و براي اين هدف مي بايست از ايران بهره مي گرفت. بنابراين، موضوع را به ناصر الدين شاه گوشزد كرد و آن را عملــي ساخت و از اين رو سيم بانان و كارگران هندي خط ارتباطي، از بزرگترين عوامل گسترش و آمــــوزش ترياك كشي در ايران گرديدند و خراسان دروازه ترياك كشي شد، به طوري كه از سال 1230 ه. ش پيشقراولان قاچاقچيان اين ماده مخدر در لباس دراويش هندي در خراسان و كرمان پراكنده شدند و به ترياك كشي پرداختند.
اين سوداگران انگليسي بودند كه از يكسو به طور غير مستقيم سعي در تشويق كشت و توليد بيشتر ترياك نموده و از سويي ديگر ترياك كشي را در سطح گسترده اي در سراسر ايران گسترش دادند تا بتوانند سلطه خود را در كشور هاي تحت استعمار بيشتر كنند.
بنابراين همراه با رشد استعمار در جوامع در حال توسعه، كشت خشخاش و اعتياد به ترياك نيز در روستــاهاي ايران متداول گشت و خريد و فروش آن معمول گرديد و از آنجا كه انگليسي ها ترياك ايران را به قيمت خوبـــي مي خريدند، كشاورزان دست از كاشت گندم و ديگر محصولات كشاورزي كشيدند و قسمت زيادي از كشتزارهاي گندم را به كشت خشخاش اختصاص دادند، به طوري كه ترياك به صورت يكي از مهم ترين كالاهاي صادراتي ايران در آمد.
ماژوري نومي مورخ انگليسي در اين مورد در كتاب (شرق ميانه) مي نويسد: " از 26 ولايت ايران در 18 ولايت آن ترياك كاشته مي شود و........".
از طرفي براي كشت خشخاش كشاورزان و كارگران هنگام گرفتن شيره خشخاش از آن مي خوردند و به آن عادت مي كردند. سرانجام در 1329 ه. ش رژيم وقت به منظور كنترل ترياك و در واقع حفظ منابع مادي خود قرارداد "انحصار ترياك" را به تصويب مي رساند. هر چند اين قانون ظاهرا در جهت كاهش ميزان مصرف اين ماده و مبارزه با آن وضع گرديده بودن ولي عملا مردم را به ترياك كشي دعوت و تشويق مي نمود، زيرا در بخشي از اين قرارداد مقرر گرديده بود كه دولت موظف است سوخته ترياك را پس از مصرف، جمع آوري كند و در ازاي هر مثقال سوخته ترياك مبلغي هم به عنوان حق الزحمه به تحويل دهنده پرداخت نمايد. بدين گونه ملاحظه مي گردد كه چگونه استعمار خارجي و ايادي داخلي آن در تار و پود اين ملت رخنه مي كنند و مردم را به اسارت مواد مخدر در مي آورند.
در سالهاي جنگ جهاني دوم و پي از آن قاچاق مواد افيوني و اعتياد به آن رواج بيشتري پيدا مي كند، تا آنكه در سال 1334 ه. ش قانون منع كشت خشخاش و جلوگيري از مصرف غير طبي ترياك از تصويب مجلس گذشت و در سال 1348 دولت وقت، قانون منع كشت خشخاش را لغو كرده و قانون كشت محدود خشخاش و سهميه كوپن ترياك را جايگزين آن نمود. ولي كليه اقدامات دولت وقت، ظاهري بود و رژيم نه تنها سعي جدي در از بين بردن و حتي محدوديت آن اعمال نمي داشت، بلكه عوامل استعمار خارجي و داخلي نيز به نوعي در گسترش اعتياد مي كوشيدند.
آنچه قابل ذكر مي باشد اين است كه در سال 1311 ه. ش. (زمان سلطنت رضا خان) هشت شيره كش خانه به طور رسمي در محله باغ فردوس كنوني داير بود كه نام آنها را دارالعلاج يا شفا خانه گذاشته بودند!!

San Pedro cactus کاکتوس سن پدرو

2011-03-15T05:51:00.001-07:00

San Pedro originates from the South American
highlands, and will willingly grow up to 30cm a year
Growing instructions
Sow seeds in sandy soil. Do not cover the small
seeds, but press gentle into the earth. Keep
seeds in constant moisture with temperatures of
about 20 °C (68 °F). San Pedro may be grown
as a pot plant in northern areas. It prefers a sandy
, well-drained soil. In winter, the dormant
period, plants should be watered very carefully.
In summer they may be watered often (daily).

کاکتوس سن پدرو که به نام تریکوسروس پاچانوا (سن پیچو)نیز نامیده می شود
یک کاکتوس خود رو در نواحی کوه های اند کشور پرو است

این کاکتوس بسیار مقاوم و سریع رشد است .هر سال حدود 30 سانتی متر رشد

می کند و می تواند به ارتقاع 6 متر هم برسد

دارای 6 تا 8 پره در اطراف خودش است

شمن ها و جادوگران پرو از 2200 سال قبل از میلاد مسیح

از ان در مراسم های مذهبی استفاده می کردند

.نقاشی های درون غار در پرو نشان که مربوط

به 1300 سال قبل از میلاد مسیح است

مصرف انرا در بین اقوام پرو نشان می دهد

نام سن پدرو بعد از ورود اروپاییان به امریکا و مسیحی شدن

انها بر روی این کاکتوس گذاشته شد .زیرا سنت پیتر مقدس

که اقوام پرو و امریکایی جنوبی را مسیحی کرد

ابراز داشته بود که او نگه دارنده کلید (اسمان )بهشت است

و چون مردم اند با استفاده از این کاکتوس

خود را در بهشت(اسمان ) می دیده اند نام این کاکتوس

را کلید(اسمان ) بهشت به نام سنت پیتر

.به لحجه خودشان سن پدرو نامیده اند

SAN PEDRO (Trichocerous pachanoi) is a large columnar cactus widely cultivated as a hallucinogen in the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. The natives, who also call it aguacolla, or giganton, recognize several "kinds," which differ mainly in the number of ribs, the most common type having seven. This cactus is sometimes planted along fields as a fence row to keep sheep and cattle from grazing.
An intoxicating drink called cimora is made from the San pedro cactus. Short lengths of the stem, often sold in native markets, are sliced like loaves of bread and then boiled in water for several hours, sometimes with superstitious objects such as cemetary dust and powdered bones.

Although cimora is often made from San Pedro alone, several field researchers indicate that a variety of other plants may sometimes be added to the brew. These include the cactus Neoraimondia macrostibas, an Andean species the chemistry of which has not yet been determined; the shrub Pedilanthus tithymaloides of the castor oil family; and the campanulaceous Isotoma longiflora. All these plants may have biodynamic constituents. On occasion, other more obviously potent plants are added - Datura, for example.
Only recently have researchers become aware of the importance of the "secondary" plant ingredients often employed by primitive societies. The fact that mescaline occurs in the San Pedro cactus does not mean that the drink prepared from it may not be altered by the addition of other plants, although the significance of the additives in changing the hallucinogenic effects of the brew is still not fully understood

First, you need to prepare a "tea" from your cacti. If using dried cactus, powder it. If using fresh cactus, chop it to small pieces and then puree it in a blender. At this point, it is a good idea to weigh your cactus and record the weight. This will be helpful further on in the process. Put the cactus in your stainless steel pot and cover with just enough water to make a soup. Add some acid to make the pH of the soup fairly acidic. If using citric acid, you want to add about 3 grams per liter of water. Boil the cactus about 20 minutes. If you use sufficiently acidic water, there is no need to boil longer than this. After boiling, strain out the cactus chunks (the marc) and save the liquid. You want to do three acidic water extractions on the cactus. Combine the 3 liquids and toss the marc on your compost pile or dispose of it in some other non-wasteful manner. If the volume of liquid you have is large, you may want to boil it down to a more managable quantity.

Step 2: De-Fatting

Once cooled, the next step is to de-fat the solution. This step will remove the fats and many other non-alkaloidal plant matter. Make sure the solution is acidic (pH 4 is good) before doing this. If the solution is acidic, the alkaloids will be in a salt form which is soluble in water but not in xylene. Pour the solution into a glass jar (or separatory funnel, if available). Add 25-50% of the solution volume in xylene. For example, if you have 200ml of solution, add 50-100ml of xylene. Put the lid on the jar and gently turn the jar over 50 to 100 times. Do not shake the mixture vigorously as this could result in emulsions that will be difficult to separate. (If you do end up with an emulsion layer, which looks like a thin layer of poorly separated bubbles, bathing the jar in hot water can help separate the emulsion. If the emulsion layer is thin enough, you may wish to just discard it rather than taking the time to let it separate.) Once mixed, let the jar sit and separate out into the different layers. When this is done, you will have a top layer of solvent, a middle fatty layer, and a bottom layer containing the acidic aqueous solution (and the alkaloids).

If you are using a separatory funnel, drain out the bottom aqueous layer and throw away the top two layers. Alternatively, use a turkey baster to siphon off the top two layers and discard them. (Make sure you dispose of all solvents safely! Do not flush it down the toilet if you have a septic tank. If pouring it down a sewer-connecting drain, make sure to wash it down with large amounts of water.) You will likely find that the turkey baster only gets off most of the solvent and fat layers. To get the thin layer that the turkey baster can't get, try this trick. Siphon off all of the remaining solvent and fat layers, as well as some of the top of the aqueous layer. Put this liquid into a tall thin glass container (a graduated cylinder or test tube, for example), and let it separate back into layers. Then, use an eye dropper to get off the solvent and fat layers, then add the remaining aqueous solution back to the main jar.

There is one other possibile approach to separating the layers. Because xylene freezes at -47.7 degrees Celsius, a separation can be done in the freezer. Put the container in the freezer and let it sit for a few hours until the water has frozen solid. The xylene can then be poured off and discarded. I do not know if this will work for defatting, as I do not know the freezing point of cactus fats. If the fats freeze at freezer temperatures, it may not be possible to pour them off with the xylene. This freezing technique can certainly be used later on in steps 4 and 5 to separate the xylene and water layers, however.

Repeat the de-fatting process two more times, or until you no longer get a fatty layer after separation. Make sure that you have good ventilation through the whole de-fatting process (or any time you are working with xylene). If you begin to feel light-headed or nauseous, or get a headache, go outside immediately and breathe fresh air until you feel better. Also, make sure there are no open flames or sparks as xylene is quite flammable.

Step 3: Basification

After de-fatting, slowly add sodium hydroxide to the aqueous solution until the pH is up around 10. Rather than adding dry sodium hydroxide, it may be wise to prepare a solution of sodium hydroxide in water, and add this. Be careful when mixing the sodium hydroxide and water, as the mixture will cause an exothermic (heat producing) reaction. Do not prepare the mixture in heat-sensitive containers. When working with sodium hydroxide, remember that it is a highly caustic material and can burn you badly. Avoid contact, especially with the yes, and if any gets on you wash the spot immediately with plenty of water. It is highly recommended that you wear protective gloves and goggles when working with sodium hydroxide or other hazardous chemicals.

Be aware that once you do this step, you need to continue the extraction at least up through the xylene extraction because leaving the alkaloids in a strongly basic solution will cause them to start breaking down after several hours. Making the solution basic turns the alkaloids into their free base forms, which are soluble in xylene.

Step 4: Extraction of Free Bases

Once the solution is basic, xylene using the same ratio as used during the de-fatting process. Again, mix the solution thoroughly but gently to avoid emulsions. Let the solution sit, and it will separate out into two layers. On the bottom will be a basic aqueous solution, and on the top will be a xylene layer which now contains the alkaloids. Using either a separatory funnel or a siphoning process, collect the xylene layer and set it aside. Since there will still be significant alkaloids in the aqueous layer, repeat this process two more times. Combine all the xylene and discard the remaining aqueous solution.

If you are using a separatory funnel, gas may be formed when adding xylene to the basic solution. To prevent pressure from building up and potentially leading to an explosion, vent the separatory funnel occasionally. If you are using a jar, you should remove the lid.

Step 5: Salt Formation and Extraction

The next step is to add acidic water to the xylene. This will cause the alkaloids to convert to their salt forms, which are soluble in water but not xylene. If using hydrochloric acid from the hardware store, it will already be diluted and may be usable as is. Read the label to find the concentration. One source says, "HCl from the hardware store is generally between 24%-36% HCl. This is far from dilute. Indeed, upon opening the container, a visible plume of white vapor can be seen creeping out of the bottle. First the lungs start to burn, then any skin which is exposed to the air starts to sting... This should be diluted, especially if it is going to be worked with without a fume hood. 20 drops acid per 500ml of water may even be sufficient."

If using vinegar (acetic acid), it comes quite diluted (around 5%) and should be used as is. It would probably be best to use plain white vinegar. I do not know what else is in vinegar other than water and acetic acid, but it is likely other chemicals remain from the original wine, and this may affect your final product. There should not be any harmful products from using vinegar, since it is a food-safe product, but you may not get nice crystals after evaporation.

If using citric acid (which is the recommended choice), prepare a solution of citric acid powder with a small amount of water. I recommend using citric acid because unlike hydrochloric acid, it is food-safe and safe to handle, and unlike either hydrochloric acid or vinegar, it is available in pure form. I have been told that using hydrochloric or acetic acid has the advantage that both are volatile and that excess will evaporate off, unlike citric acid. However, since neither are easily available in pure form, it is still probably better to use citric acid. Beware that if you do use hydrochloric acid and let it evaporate, the fumes can be hazardous and the evaporation should not be done where you might breathe in the vapors.

For this step, it is useful to have some idea how much alkaloid should be in your cactus extract. If you weighed your cactus before extraction. Trichocereus pachanoi has been analyzed with mescaline contents of 0.025-0.12% fresh weight (0.331-2.0% dry weight). Mescaline is usually around 50% or more of total alkaloid content. You will want to add an equimolar quantity of acid to the solution.

If you can't or don't want to estimate the alkaloid content, Trout gives the following work-around: add very small quantities of acidic water to the xylene, let separate, and then collect the water layer. Check the pH of the water, and it should be neutral. Repeat this with small batches of acidic solution until the water layers come out acidic. Trout points out that "Something to keep in mind is that neutralization won't always be immediate. pH should be checked after a few minutes to see how it is, adjusted if needed and rechecked a few minutes later."

If you are using citric acid and you are not worried about having citric acid powder in the final product, you can just add enough acidic water to make the solution slightly acidic, and repeat this once or twice, then combine the extracted water layers. As citric acid is both food-safe and a solid powder, this is a sloppy but safe approach. Shulgin suggests that this may be a better approach than stopping when the water layers stop coming out neutral: "My gut feeling is that there may be quite a bit of alkaloid still in the xylene, and maybe a couple of extracts with more aqueous acid would be useful. True, it may load the product down with excess citric acid, but the increased yield might be worth it."

However you approach it, after the acidification and water extraction step, discard the xylene. Again, make sure to dispose of it in a safe manner.

Theoretically, this step could be skipped entirely, and you could just let the xylene evaporate. This would leave behind mescaline (and the other alkaloids) in free bas form, which is an oil. This is not recommended however, as mescaline oil is highly caustic and it would burn your skin to touch it. Since its an oil, it would also not be possible to put into capsules. Perhaps you could put the oil into some acidic fruit juice and safely drink it, but it is still preferable to go through this step to produce a salt form. Perhaps it may even be smokable, though I know of no reports of anyone trying to smoke (or vaporize, rather) free base cactus alkaloids. The boiling point for mescaline free base is around 180 degrees Celsius. One final concern is that free base mescaline oil may not have the shelf life of a salt.

Step 6: Evaporation

Finally, pour the water into a large pyrex baking pan. Set it in a protected location to evaporate. Let it evaporate slowly at room temperature rather than using heat, as this will give you a better chance of producing nice crystals. After the water has fully evaporated, scrape up the crystals (or whatever solid mass you end up with) and put them in capsules or a vial for storage.

Keep in mind that when measuring doses, there are a few things to consider. First, your extract will contain all the alkaloids from the cactus, not just the mescaline. Second, depending on what acid you used in step 5, you will have different salts of the alkaloids. For example, if you used citric acid, you will have mescaline citrate (as well as citrate salts of the other alkaloids). If you used vinegar, you will have mescaline acetate. If you used muriatic acid you will have mescaline hydrochloride. The doses of each will be slightly different, due to the different molecular weights of the different acids. Because of these factors, you will need to figure out the potency of your material before you can weigh doses accurately.

Conclusion

Do make sure that you follow all safety instructions religiously. Failure to excersize caution can easily lead to harm and even death. To stress this point even further, I will close with some comments from Trout:

"It seems like it does not matter how many times you tell some people things, lots of them decide what THEY think is really important and items like solvent exposure and not using plastics or solvents stored in plastics (or even the use of slow and careful heating) get forgotten whenever it is not convenient to follow the instructions.

Its very distressing how careless some people are. Worse, people like this often expose not just themselves but family, children and pets with no thought or concern.

You would not believe some of the letters I have gotten. Some of them I almost can't shred fast enough.

I'm sadly coming to believe that a simple citrate tea (lime not lemon) or else dried outer flesh consumed as powder are the only safe approaches the general public is capable of handling responsibly."

References

[1]Fletch. Private e-mail. December 7, 2001.

[2]Shulgin, Alexander. Private e-mail. November 24, 2001.

[3]Trout, K. "Sacred Cacti." Second edition, 1999: Chapters 4, 6 and 10.

[4]Trout, K. Private e-mail. December 1, 2001.

Starlight:

crystallization using sulfuric acid

Just replace steps 5 and 6 above with the step below:

This method relies on the low solubility of mescaline sulfate in very cold water.

(this is not tested from personal experience, but sourced from Trout: Sacred Cacti and Selected Succulents, 1997)

Step 5: Salt Formation and Crystallization

Once you have separated the organic solvent, dark (or in the case of recrystallization at least yellow) with alkaloid and impurities from the basic solution, extract it with dilute sulfuric acid. Use only as much as is required to neutralize the alkaloid bases. A little excess at this point is not desirable, but not of concern. Separate the small volume of aqueous solution now containing the mescaline sulfate and other alkaloid sulfates.

It will need gentle heat to reduce it somewhat, but do not let it become thick, or overheat. Take this solution while warm and insulate it well (a small styrofoam shipping box will work as will being carefully wrapped in towels). Stick the whole thing in your refrigerator until quite cold (near 0C) but do not freeze.

The object is to retard the rate of cooling to as slow as possible. This will cause the formation of large, beautiful crystals. If you chill rapidly a crystalline mush of many tiny crystals will form, trapping impurities.

Take the mother liquor containing the crystals and pour through a buchner funnel. Allow the air to keep sucking through the crystals. Briefly squirt a bit of ice cold water through the crystals to rinse them of any remaining solution. Turn off the air flow briefly and immediately dump out the mother liquor and ice water rinsing and save.

Rapidly resume air flowing through the Buchner. Then quickly rinse the crystals with a little acetone to remove the remaining water. Let the air keep flowing to pull off as much liquid as possible. (If one has access to a cold room all of this will be more efficient).

Take the filter and immediately dry in a warm oven (120-120F) with the door open. Package as soon as dry and keep away from light, heat, moisture, air.

Second and third crops of crystals may be obtained by reducing the mother liquor further (do not allow to become thick) and again chilled. By the third or fourth time other alkaloids will begin to crystallize. These may be grey in colour and have a plate-like structure. They should be easily distinguishable from the beautiful yellow or white needles and prisms of mescaline sulfate.

The sulfate salt can be converted to the hydrochloride salt by acid base and evaporation if so required

Angles trumpet تاتوره درختی

2011-03-15T05:50:00.000-07:00

TREE DATURAS of several species are native to South America where they go by such native names as borrachero, campanilla, maicoa, floripondia, huanto, toé, and tanga. All are cultivated plants, unknown in the truly wild state and associated with man since earliest times.
Datura suaveolens is indigenous to the warmer lowlands. Recognized as toxic and narcotic, it is used as an hallucinogen, alone or as an admixture. The northern Andes, from Colombia to Peru, appears to be the center of the group's origin. Species from this region are D. arborea, D. aurea, D. candida, D. dolichocarpa, D. sanguinea, and the newly discovered D. vulcanicola
Aboriginal peoples from Colombia to Chile value these trees as sources of ritualistic hallucinogens and medicines. In Chile, the Mapuche Indians use D. candida and D. sanguinea to correct unruly children. The Jivaros say that the spirits of their ancestors admonish recalcitrant children during the hallucinations. The ancient Chibchas of Bogota used D. aurea seeds to induce stupor in the wives and slaves of dead warriors and chieftains before they were buried alive to accompany husbands and masters on the last trip.
At Sogomoza, Colombia, Indians took D. sanguinea ceremonially in the Temple of the Sun. The narcotic prepared from this red-flowered species is known locally as tonga. Many Peruvian natives still believe that tonga permits them to communicate with ancestors or other departed souls. In Matucanas, Peru, Indians say it will reveal to them treasures preserved in ancient graves, or huacas, hence the local name for the plant—huacacachu ("grave plant"). The tree daturas are sometimes considered a distinct genus: Brugmansia

A tropical nightshade with large, white, scented trumpe
t blossoms and a hallucinogenic effect.
Caution: The whole plant is very
poisonous and is particularly
dangerous for children!Growing instructions
Brugmansias are be grown as pot plants in the North
. Bottom heat greatly speeds up germination.
They need a rich, well-drained soil and
much root space. In the summer they need
frequently fertilizer. During winter they
can stay in a cellar or similar place, as they
require little light while dormant

تاتوره ٔ درختی یکی از اقسام درختی تاتوره که در ایران وجود دارداین درختچه در بندرعباس کاشته می شود و جزء درختان زینتی استکه اصلش از امریکای جنوبی (پِرو، شیلی ) است ، با
نام «تاتورة مُعطّر»
به بلندی 7ـ10 پا، دارای گلهای ... سفید و معطّر
و گاهی پُر پَر، که در باغهای جنوب ایران کاشته می شود

در مناطق خاور دور از جمله درچین و مناطق همجوار آن

از نظر خواص دارویى فرق‌زیادى

بین تاتوره علفى و تاتوره درختى نیست

، درتاتوره درختى ماده عامل هیوسین بیشتر و

درتاتوره علفى مقدار آتروپین بیشتر است.

ماده آتروپین نیز مردمك چشم را باز مى‌كند و موجب كاهش

ترشح بزاق مى‌گردد. ضمن اینكه عضلات مثانه را سست كرده

و در نتیجه دفع ادرار را كنترل مى‌كند

تاكنون 15 گونه تاتوره شناخته ‌شده ‌است كه 10 گونه آن

درهند مى‌رویند. تاتوره متل درختى درختچه‌اى است

و داراى گل‌هاى بزرگ و بزرگتر از تاتوره

علفى (استرامونیوم برگ‌ها تخم‌مرغى صاف بدون

كرك بعضى كامل و بعضى دندانه‌هاى عمیق دارند.

گل‌هاى آن بوقى آویزان به رنگ ارغوانى و .....

كپسول میوه آن ناصاف و سطح آن پوشیده از خار است.

ماده عامل الكالوئید هیوسین است كه در تخم و برگ آن وجوددارد. این

الكالوئید موجب بازشدن و اتساع مردمك چشم مى‌شود و اگر مقدار زیادى

خورده ‌شود موجب هذیان، اغماء و سرانجام منتهى به مرگ مى‌شود.

درچین گل‌هاى بازشده تاتوره درختى

را صبح‌ها به محض اینكه شبنم

صبحگاهى خشك شود، جمع‌آورى كرده و

درآفتاب یا باحرارت كم خشك مى‌كنند، این دارو تند، سمى‌،

بى‌حس‌كننده، ضدآسم و ضد سرفه است.

Datura Metel تاتوره هند

2011-03-15T05:44:00.000-07:00

DHATURA and DUTRA (Datura metel) are the common names in India for an important Old World species of Datura. The narcotic properties of this purple-flowered member of the deadly nightshade family, Solanaceae, have been known and valued in India since prehistory. The plant has a long history in other countries as well. Some writers have credited it with being responsible for the intoxicating smoke associated with the Oracle of Delphi. Early Chinese writings report an hallucinogen that has been identified with this species. And it is undoubtedly the plant that Avicenna, the Arabian physician, mentioned under the name jouzmathel in the 11th century. Its use as an aphrodisiac in the East Indies was recorded in 1578. The plant was held sacred in China, where people believed that when Buddha preached, heaven sprinkled the plant with dew.
Nevertheless, the utilization of Datura preparations in Asia entailed much less ritual than in the New World. In many parts of Asia, even today, seeds of Datura are often mixed with food and tobacco for illicit use, especially by thieves for stupefying victims, who may remain seriously intoxicated for several days.
Datura metel is commonly mixed with cannabis and smoked in Asia to this day. Leaves of a white-flowered form of the plant (considered by some botanists to be a distinct species, D. fastuosa) are smoked with cannabis or tobacco in many parts of Africa and Asia.
The plant contains highly toxic alkaloids, the principal one being scopolamine. This hallucinogen is present in heaviest concentrations in the leaves and seeds. Datura ferox, a related Old World species, not so widespread in Asia, is also valued for its narcotic and medicinal properties.

In India datura metel is central to various rituals.
In combination with hemp it is smoked in honour of Shiwa.
Growing instructions
Sow early spring indoors. Pot up the seedlings into
individual pots as soon as the first true leaf appears
and plant them out after the last expected frosts

hyoscyamus niger-Black henbane بنگ دانه-بذرالبنج

2011-03-15T05:42:00.000-07:00

Common Names: Common Henbane, Henbane, Henbane, Henbell, Hog's Bean, Jupiter's Bean, black nightshade, devil's eye, poison tobacco
Danger: All parts of the plant are very toxic. Symptoms of poisoning include impaired vision, convulsions, coma and death from heart or respiratory failure
Habitat: By the walls of fields, waste ground, near buildings and in stony places from low-lying ground near the sea to lower mountain slopes
Magickal Uses:
Feminine. Saturn. Water. *Poison*
A love-bringing herb when worn. Traditionally used in ointments and brews. Induces delirium. Used with wisdom, it could be an excellent herb for consecrating ceremonial vessels. Attracts hares, therefore would be an excellent herb for those who raise rabbits.
Edible Uses: NONE
Medicinal Uses: Anodyne; Anthelmintic; Antispasmodic; Antitumor; Diuretic; Febrifuge; Hallucinogenic; Hypnotic; Mydriatic; Narcotic; Sedative. Henbane has a very long history of use as a medicinal herb, and has been widely cultivated to meet the demand for its use. It is used extensively as a sedative and pain killer and is specifically used for pain affecting the urinary tract, especially when due to kidney stones. Its sedative and antispasmodic effect makes it a valuable treatment for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, relieving tremor and rigidity during the early stages of the disease. This species is the form generally considered best for external use, whilst the white henbane (H. albus) is considered the most appropriate for internal use. All parts of the plant, but especially the leaves and the seeds, can be used - they are anodyne, antispasmodic, mildly diuretic, hallucinogenic, hypnotic, mydriatic, narcotic and sedative. The plant is used internally in the treatment of asthma, whooping cough, motion sickness, Meniere's syndrome, tremor in senility or paralysis and as a pre-operative medication. Henbane reduces mucous secretions, as well as saliva and other digestive juices. Externally, it is used as an oil to relieve painful conditions such as neuralgia, dental and rheumatic pains.The leaves should be harvested when the plant is in full flower and they can then be dried for later use. There is an annual and a biennial form of this species, both can be used medicinaly but the biennial form is considered to be superior. This is a very poisonous plant that should be used with great caution, and only under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. The seed is used in the treatment of asthma, cough, epilepsy, myalgia and toothache. The seeds are used in Tibetan medicine, they are said to have a bitter, acrid taste with a neutral and poisonous potency. Anthelmintic, antitumor and febrifuge, they are used in the treatment of stomach/intestinal pain due to worm infestation, toothache, inflammation of the pulmonary region and tumours
Cultivation: Prefers a sunny position and a dry soil. Succeeds in ordinary garden soil but prefers an alkaline soil. Plants succeed in sandy spots near the sea. Cultivated commercially as a medicinal plant, only the biennial form is considered officinal. Grows well in maritime areas, often self-sowing freely. Older plants do not transplant well due to a brittle taproot. The growing plant inhibits the growth of clover. The flowers emit a sickly fishy smell.
Propagation: Seed - sow summer in a cold frame and pot on as soon as possible before the taproot is too long
Description---H. niger is susceptible of considerable diversity of character, causing varieties which have by some been considered as distinct species. Thus the plant is sometimes annual, the stem almost unbranched, smaller and less downy than in the biennial form, the leaves shorter and less hairy and the flowers often yellow, without any purple markings. The annual plant also flowers in July or August, the biennial in May and June.

The annual and biennial form spring indifferently from the same crop of seed, the former growing during summer to a height of from 1 to 2 feet, and flowering and perfecting seed, the latter producing the first season only a tuft of radical leaves, which disappear in winter, leaving underground a thick, fleshy root, from the crown of which arises in spring a branched, flowering stem, usually much taller and more vigorous than the flowering stems of the annual plants. The annual form is apparently produced by the weaker and later developed seeds formed in the fruit at the ends of the shoots; it is considered to be less active than the typical species and differs in being of dwarfed growth and having rather paler flowers. The British drug of commerce consists of dense flowering shoots only, and of larger size.

Both varieties are used in medicine, but the biennial form is the one considered official. The leaves of this biennial plant spread out flat on all sides from the crown of the root like a rosette; they are oblong and egg-shaped, with acute points, stalked and more or less sharply toothed, often more than a foot in length, of a greyish-green colour and covered with sticky hairs. These leaves perish at the appearance of winter. The flowering stem pushes up from the root-crown in the following spring, ultimately reaching from 3 to 4 feet in height, and as it grows, becoming branched and furnished with alternate, oblong, unequally lobed, stalkless leaves, which are stem-clasping and vary considerably in size, but seldom exceed 9 or 10 inches in length. These leaves are pale green in colour, with a broad conspicuous mid-rib, and are furnished on both sides (but particularly on the veins on the under surface) with soft, glandular hairs, which secrete a resinous substance that causes the fresh leaves to feel unpleasantly clammy and sticky. Similar hairs occur on the sub-cylindrical branches. The flowers are shortly stalked, the lower ones growing in the fork of the branches, the upper ones stalkless, crowded together in onesided, leafy spikes, which are rolled back at the top before flowering, the hairy, leafy, coarsely-toothed bracts becoming smaller upwards. The flowers have a hairy, pitchershaped calyx, which remains round the fruit and is strongly veined, with five stiff, broad, almost prickly lobes. The corollas are obliquely funnel-shaped, upwards of an inch across, of a dingy yellow or buff, marked with a close network of lurid purple veins. A variety sometimes occurs in which the corolla is not marked with these purple veins. The seed-capsule opens transversely by a convex lid and contains numerous small seeds. Perhaps the most striking feature of the plant are these curious seed-vessels, a very detailed description of which is given in the works of Flavius Josephus, as it was upon this capsule that one of the ornaments of the Jewish High Priests' head-dress was modelled. The whole plant has a powerful, oppressive, nauseous odour.

Antiquity embraced this poisonous herbaceous plant with the sticky hairy leaves and unpleasant smell for reasons of divine worship. In Medieval times henbane won recognition for its part in the concoction of flying potion and as an intoxicating additive to beer. Ethnologist speculate that the name Pilsner beer derives from the German word for henbane, Bilsenkraut. Its oil has also proved to be an effective narcotic often administered before operations. Caution: The whole plant is very poisonous and is particularly dangerous for children!Growing instructions
Sow early spring indoors. Pot up the seedlings into individual pots as soon as the first true leaf appears and plant them out after the last expected frosts.
Cultivation---Henbane is in such demand for medicinal purposes that it is necessary to cultivate it, the wild plants not yielding a sufficient supply. Both varieties were formerly cultivated in England, but at present the biennial is almost solely grown. Englishgrown Henbane has always been nearly sufficient to provide enough fresh leaves for the preparation of the juice, or green extract, but large quantities, chiefly of the annual kind, were imported before the War from Germany, Austria and Russia, in the form of dry leaves. Henbane will grow on most soils, in sandy spots near the sea, on chalky slopes, and in cultivation flourishing in a good loam.
It is, however, very capricious in its growth, the seeds being prone to lie dormant for a season or more, refusing to germinate at all in some places, and the crop varying without any apparent reason, sometimes dying in patches. In some maritime localities it can be grown without any trouble. It requires a light, moderately rich and well-drained soil for successful growth and an open, sunny situation, but does not want much attention beyond keeping the ground free from weeds.
The seed should be sown in the open early in May or as soon as the ground is warm, as thinly as possible, in rows 2 to 2 1/2 feet apart, the seedlings thinned out to 2 feet apart in the rows, as they do not stand transplanting well. Only the larger seedlings should be reserved, especially those of a bluish tint. The soil where the crop is to be, must have been well manured, and must be kept moist until the seeds have germinated, and also during May and June of the first year. It is also recommended to sow seeds of biennial Henbane at their natural ripening time, August, in porous soil.
The ground must never be water-logged, especially in the first winter; it runs to stalk in a wet season. Drought and late frosts stunt the growth and cause it to blossom too early, and if the climatic conditions are unsuitable, especially in a dry spring and summer, the biennial Henbane will flower in its first year, while the growth is quite low, but wellmanured soil may prevent this.
Care must be taken in selecting the seed: commercial Henbane seed is often kiln-dried and useless for sowing. In order to more readily ensure germination, it is advisable to soak the seeds in water for twenty-four hours before planting: the unfertile seeds will then float on the top of the water and may thus be distinguished. Ripe seed should be grey, and yellowish or brown seeds should be rejected, as they are immature. Let the seeds dry and then sift out the smallest, keeping only the larger seeds.
Henbane seed being very small and light should be well mixed with fine dry soil as it is sown.
As seedlings often die off, a reserve should be kept in a box or bed to fill gaps, even though they do not always transplant success fully.
If it is desired to raise a crop of the annualvariety the plants, being smaller and not branching so freely, may be grown at a distance of 18 inches apart each way, but the annual is very little cultivated in this country.
If any annuals come up among the biennials sown, the flowers should be cut off until the leaves get larger and the stem branches.
There is usually some difficulty in growing Henbane owing to its destruction by insects: sometimes the whole of the foliage is destroyed by the larvae of a leaf-mining fly, Pegomyia Hyoscyami, and the crop is rendered worthless in a week. And when the large autumnal leaves of the first-year plants of the biennial variety decay, the large terminal bud is often destroyed by one of the various species of macro-lepidopterous caterpillars which hide themselves in the ground. The crown or bud should be covered as soon as the leaves have rotted away with soil mixed with soot or naphthaline, to prevent the depredations of these and other insects.
Floods may also rot the plants in winter, if grown on level ground. Potato pests are fond of the prickly leaves and will leave a potato patch to feed on the Henbane plant.
If mildew develops on the foliage in summer, dust the plants with powdered sulphur or spray with 1/2 oz. of liver of sulphur in 2 gallons of water.
When it is desired to preserve seed for propagation, it is well to cut off the top flowering shoots at an early stage of flowering (these may be dried and sold as flowering tops), and allow only about six seed-capsules to ripen. This will ensure strong seed to the capsules left, and this seed will probably produce biennial Henbane, weaker seeds being apt to produce the less robust and less valuable annual Henbane.
Seeds sown as soon as ripe in August may germinate in autumn, and thus constitute a biennial by growing on all through the winter and flowering the next summer.
Although the cultivation of Henbane in sandy ground near the sea, especially on the rich soil of estuaries, would probably pay well, it is hardly a profitable plant to grow in small gardens, more especially as the yield of dried leaf is very small. It is estimated that about 15 cwt. of dry herb are obtained from an acre of ground.
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خصوصيات گياه‌شناسي
گياهي است يكساله يا دوساله، تا ارتفاع يك متر رشد مي‌كند، داراي برگ‌هاي كمي لوبدار وگل هاي زنگوله اي شكل زرد و كمرنگ با رگبرگ هاي ارغواني زيبا،
قسمت‌هاي مورد استفاده
برگ، گل
تركيبات شيميايي
بذرالبنج حاوي آلكالوئيدهاي تروپان به ويژه هيوسيامين و هيوسين، آتروپين، اسكوپولامين مي‌باشد.
خواص مهم دارويي
مسكن، مسكن دردهاي دستگاه ادراري بويژه دردهاي ناشي ازسنگ كليه و نيز گرفتگي عضلات شكمي است خاصيت مسكني ضد اسپاسمي گياه آن را براي درمان عوارض بيماري پاركينسون مؤثر ساخته است. گياه برطرف‌كننده رعشه درمان‌كننده آسم، برونشيت مي‌باشد.
خواهش‌هاي اكولوژيكي
بذر البنج بومي آسيا غربي و اروپاي جنوبي است امروزه درسرتاسر اروپاي مركزي و غربي وآمريكا يافت مي‌شود. اين گياه تقريباً در هر اقليمي قادر به رويش مي‌باشد. بذر البنج گياهي است بلند روز و در طول رويش خود به مقدارزيادي نور احتياج دارد. جهت تسريع در رشد و نمو و افزايش مواد مؤثره( آلكالوئيدها) به مواد هوموسي و خاكهاي غني از نيتروژن احتياج دارد. به طوري كه كمبود مواد و عناصر غذايي در خاك اثرات مطلوبي در رويش اين گياه دارد.
روش تكثير و نحوه كاشت
بذر گياه قوه رويشي بسيار كمي دارد. براي افزايش قوه ناميه رويشي ، بذور بايد يك دوره سرما را بگذارنند. از اين رو درصورت كاشت بهاره بايد بذور را سه هفته در دماي 10-8 درجه سانتي‌گراد قرار داد. در اين مدت دو يا سه مرتبه وهر مرتبه به مدت 10 تا 12 ساعت ، دماي آزمايشگاهي (25-20 درجه سانتي‌گراد) منتقل شوند. زمان مناسب براي كاشت پاييزه اواسط پاييز(آبانماه) مي‌باشد. در حاليكه زمان مناسب براي كاشت بهاره اوايل بهار(فروردين ماه) مي‌باشد. فاصله رديف ها اعم از كشت بهاره و پاييزه 60-50 سانتي‌متر وعمق بذر در هنگام كشت يك تا 5/1 سانتي‌متر بايد باشد. براي هر هكتار زمين به 4 تا6 كيلوگرم بذر با كيفيت مطلوب نياز است . استفاده از كود حيواني پوسيده باعث افزايش عملكرد گياه مي‌شود. تحقيقات نشان داده است كه كود شيميايي تاثير مطلوبي بر بذر البنج دارد و چنانچه به مقدار و زمان مناسب به گياه داده شود ونقش عمده در عملكرد رويشي و مواد مؤثره گياه دارد. درفصل پاييز هنگام آماده سازي زمين مقدار 80 تا 100 كيلوگرم در هكتار ازت، 80-70 كيلوگرم اكسيد فسفر و 120-100 كيلوگرم در هر هكتار اكسيدپتاس دراختيارگياه قرار داد.
از سال اول رويش مي‌توان برگ‌هاي گياه را برداشت نمود. هنگامي كه برگ‌ها به اندازه نهايي خود رسيدند، آنها برداشت مي‌كنند. برداشت برگ عموماً در اواسط تابستان صورت مي‌گيرد. برگهاي گياه را براساس شرايط اقليمي 3-2 بار مي‌توان برداشت نمود. درصورتيكه بذور اين گياه مورد نظر باشد. بايد در برداشت برگها دقت شود تا به گل‌ها يا جوانه‌هاي گل‌دهنده آسيبي نرسد، همچنين مي‌توان برخي گياهاني كه براي برداشت بذور منظوراست از برداشت برگ آن خودداري شود. عملكرد برگ خشك 800 تا1000 كيلوگرم در هر هكتار است وعملكرد بذر 500-200 كيلوگرم در هر هكتار است بذور گياه در ماههاي خرداد وتير به تدريج مي رسند.
خلاصه اقدامات انجام شده و نتايج بدست آمده
بذر البنج در بهمن ماه از طريق بذركشت گرديد. جوانه زني بذور نسبتاً مناسب، استقرار و بذردهي گياه در شرايط كلكسيون خوب است. بطوركلي كشت بذرالبنج در شرايط كلكسيون نسبتاً سازگار مي‌باشد

گياهي است با برگ هاي مثلثي تا مستطيل شکل که بر روي ساقه و اين برگ ها کرک هاي سفيد پنبه اي ديده مي شود. برگ هاي گياه داراي بريدگي هاي شانه اي مي باشند و اين بريدگي هاي برگ را به چند لوب تقسيم مي نمايد. گل ها زرد رنگ و داراي رگه هاي مشبک ارغواني رنگ مي باشند. اين گياه سمي حداقل 2000 سال است که به عنوان يک داروي مسکن کاهنده ي درد و شل کننده ي ماهيچه ها شناخته شده است. همه ي خواص در برگهاي گياه جمع مي باشند. در قرن اول بعد از ميلاد، يونانيان از اين گياه به عنوان شربت خواب آور و مسکن استفاه مي کردند. د رطول قرون وسطي بذرالبنج يا بنگ دانه يا سيگران به عنوان يک داروي خانگي شفادهنده ي دندان درد و دردهاي روماتيسمي، مثل سيگار مي کشيده اند. نتايج ثبت شده از اين درمان خانگي نشان ميدهد که شفا دهندگي دارو غير قابل پيش بيني بوده و مواردي از قبيل تشنج، پرت و پلا گويي و ديوانگي را به دنبال داشته است. جرارد درباره ي اين شيوه درماني نوشته است: «يک خواب بدون آرامش، شبيه خوابي که به دنبال مستي عارض انسان مي گردد؛ خوابي که طولاني مي شده و در نهايت مرگ بيمار را به دنبال داشته است».
کولپپر ادعا کرده است که اين گياه تحت نفوذ سياره ي زحل (کيوان) فرمانرواي استخوانها و اسکلت بندي انسان قرار دارد و برگ گياه را براي درمان درد مفصلها، سياتيک و سردرد تجويز مي کرده است. اين گياه در گذشته يک مسکن و بي حسي دهنده ي مجاز بوده و براي گرفتگيهاي دردناک عضلاني ناشي از اختلال دستگاه ادراري، آسم و هيستري استفاده ميشده و مقادير کم و مرتب آن براي بيخوابي، درد اعصاب و سردردهاي عصبي تجويز مي شده است .
به علت خطر ايجاد مسموميت، امروزه از آن به عنوان يک داروي خوراکي استفاده نمي شود. گفته شده که بنگ دانه يکي از اجزاي اصلي شراب جادوگران و همچنين جزئي از پمادي بوده است ک ساحران در مراسم جادوگري خود به مقدار زيادي استفاده مي کرده اند و حالت خيالبافي و تشنج را به وجود مي آورده اند. به دليل خواص تخديري، برگهاي آن را مثل سيگار مي کشيده اند که اغلب نتايج خطرناکي به دنبال داشته است. در سال 1910، قاتل مشهور انگليسي - دکتر کريپن - همسرش را با اين گياه مسموم کرد. خوکها با خوردن مقدار زيادي از اين گياه هم دچار هيچ عارضه اي نمي شوند و به همين دليل به اين گياه عنوان لوبياي خوک هم داده شده است .

انتشار جغرافيايي :

اين گياه در نواحي مرکزي ايران در اطراف تهران، در شمال کشور و در شمال غرب آن در منطقه آذربايجان يافت مي شود.

ترکيبات شيميايي :

اين گياه خصوصاً در دانه هايش حاوي مقادير فراوان از آلکالوئيد هاي مهم همچون هيوسيامين يا اسکوپولامين مي باشد که سمي بودن شديد اين گياه به دليل وجود همين آلکالوئيد مي باشد.

قسمت مورد استفاده :

برگ و دانه هاي گياه در طب گياهي مورد مصرف دارند.

اثرات دارويي و طرز استعمال :

1.به عنوان مسکن قوي : بذرلبنج به دليل داشتن آلکالوئيد هيوسين خاصيت آرام کننده سلسله دستگاه عصبي را دارد و از اين رو آن براي تسکين دردهاي شديد همچون دردهاي عصبي، درد مفاصل، رماتيسم و ... استفاده مي شود. اثر تسکين دهنده بذرالبنج به قدري زياد است که مي توان به جاي ترياک از آن استفاده نمود. در استعمال خارج برگ له شده بذرالبنج را به شکل ضماد در موضع درد قرار مي دهند و يا از جوشانهد دانه هاي آن در روغن استفاده مي شود. لازم به تذکر است به دليل زياد بذر البنج استفاده خوراکي از آن حتماً بياد تحت نظر پزشک انجام شود.
2.درمان ساه سرفه، سل و برونشيت : در درمان بيماري هاي تنفسي مصرف خوراکي اين گياه با رعايت احتياطات لازم توصيه مي گردد. در اين موارد مصرف 2/0 گرم گرد برگ بذرالبنج 3 بار در روز يا مصرف عصاره الکي برگ آن به مقدار 5/0 تا 1/0 گرم سفارش شده است.

احتياط : تمام قسمتهاي اين گياه سمي است.

زيستگاه طبيعي :
گياه بومي اروپا مي باشد. ولي به کانادا، آمريکاي شمالي، آسياي غربي و تمام قسمتهاي جنوبي قاره هم برده شده است. بذرالبنج به طور خود رو در زمينهاي شخم نزده، سواحل شني کنار درياي و اطراف ساختمانهاي متروکه و کپه هاي آشغال و زباله مي رويد

also known by the scientific name of Hyoscyamus niger, is a member of the Nightshade family. It is acknowledged in ancient literature as “apollinarix,” the plant of the god Apollo. Dioscorides, the famous ancient Greek pharmacologist and botanist who wrote one of the most influential herbal books in history, a five volume set called “De Materia Medica” which laid the groundwork for all modern pharmacopeias, was familiar with the medicinal value of black henbane. Medieval Anglo-Saxon pharmacopeias touted the healing properties of the plant. It has also been suggested that henbane was the magic nepenthes in Homer’s Odyssey, the drug which Helen gave to Telemachus and his comrade to make them forget their grief. It is also suspected that henbane under the name of hyoskyamos was sacred to the goddess Persephone.
Black Henbane was used as a ritual plant by the pre-Indo-European peoples of central Europe. In Australia, handfuls of henbane seeds were discovered in a ceremonial urn along with bones and snail shells, dating back to the early Bronze Age. During the Paleolithic period, it has been speculated that henbane was used for ritual and shamanic purposes throughout Eurasia. When the Paleoindians migrated from Asia into the Americas, they brought with them their knowledge of the use of the plant. When they were unable to locate Hyoscyamus niger, they substituted the very similar and related tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum).
The Gauls of ancient Western Europe poisoned their javelins with a decoction of henbane. The plant’s name is derived form the Indo-European “bhelena” which is believed to have meant “crazy plant.” In the Proto-Germanic ancestral language of modern English and German, “bil” seems to have meant “vision” or “hallucination,” and also “magical power, miraculous ability.” There was even a goddess known as Bil, a name interpreted as “moment” or “exhaustion.” The goddess Bil is understood to be the image of the moon or one of the moon’s phases. She may have been the henbane fairy or the goddess of henbane, and it’s speculated that she may have even been the goddess of the rainbow; “Bil-röst” is the name of the rainbow bridge that leads to Asgard. “Bil” then would also be the original word for “heaven’s bridge.”
The Assyrians knew henbane by the name of sakiru. They used the plant as a medicine to treat a variety of ailments and they also would add it to beer as a way of making it more intoxicating. It was also used as a ritual incense made by combining black henbane with sulfur to protect the user from black magic. In ancient Persia, henbane was called bangha, a name that was subsequently used to describe hemp (Cannabis sativa) and other psychoactive plants. Persian sources site that henbane has had a religious significance throughout history, with many journeys to other worlds and visions being described, evoked by various henbane preparations.
King Vishstap, who is known historically as the protector of Zarathustra, imbibed a preparation of henbane and wine known as mang; it has also been speculated that the potion he drank was a mixture of haoma and henbane in wine. After drinking this concoction, he fell into a sleep so deep it seemed deathlike, lasting three days and three nights. During this time, his soul journeyed to the Upper Paradise. In Persian folklore, Viraz, another visionary, also made a three-day journey into other worlds by using a mixture of henbane and wine. As the story goes, at the end of the third night, “the soul of the righteous,” meaning Viraz, felt as if it were in the midst of plants, inhaling their heady scent, sensing an intensely fragranced breeze that blew in from the south. The soul of the righteous, Viraz, inhaled the wind through its nose and awoke enlightened.
The Celts consecrated black henbane, known to them as beleno, to Belenus, the god of oracles and the sun, when they would burn it as a fumigant in his honor. Henbane also appears to one of the most important ritual plants of the Vikings, since Iron Age Viking gravesites were found to contain hundreds of henbane seeds. An archeological dig of the ancient gravesite in Denmark yielded a significant artifact, a leather bag worn by the deceased woman which was filled with hundreds of henbane seeds.
The oldest enthohistorical evidence of the Germanic use of henbane as a magical plant can be found in the nineteenth book of the collection of church decrees, the German Book of Atonement. In one passage, the process of a henbane ritual is described in detail: Villagers gather together several girls and select from them one small beauty. They then disrobe her, and take her outside their settlement to a place where they can find “bilse,” which is henbane in German. The chosen girl pulls out the plant with the little finger of her right hand and it is tied to the small toe of her right foot. She then pulls the plant behind her to the river, as the other girls lead her there, each carrying a rod. The girls dip the rods in the river, then use them to sprinkle the young maiden with the river water, in hopes that they will cause rain through this magical process. It is believed that this ritual was associated with the Germanic god of thunder, Donar.
The beer of Donar the god of thunder was brewed with henbane, as he was considered an extremely enthusiastic drinker and very skilled at holding his liquor. As a result, henbane was in huge demand in Germany, although quite rare there as it was not indigenous. Therefore Germans planted henbane gardens specifically for using in brewing beer. The history of these sites where these gardens once stood is reflected in their modern day names, such as Bilsensee, Billendorf and Bilsengarten.
During the Middle Ages and the early modern period of Europe, henbane was associated with witchcraft and magic, in particular with oracles and love magic. It was believed that henbane smoke could make one invisible and that it was an ingredient in witches’ ointments. In modern occultism, henbane seeds are used as fumigants to conjure spirits and to summon the dead. The flowing recipe is for a fumigant used in occult rituals:
1 part fennel root/seeds (Foniculum vulgare)
1 part olibaum – (Boswellia scara)
4 parts henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
1 part coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum)
1 part cassia bark (Cinnamomum cassis)
One would take this incense into the black forest, light a black candle and set the incense vessel on a tree stump. The mixture would burn until the candle went out, and it was then that one could see the spirits of the dead.
In addition to its ritual significance, Hyoscyamus niger has significant medicinal importance as well. The use of henbane smoke to treat toothaches and asthma is widespread. In Darjeeling and Sikkim, henbane is used for these purposes, as well as to treat nervous disorders. The plant has also been used since ancient times to heal bones, as an analgesic and antispasmodic, and as a sedative and narcotic. In Nepal, the smoke of the leaves is used to treat asthma and in traditional Chinese medicine, the smoke of Chinese henbane seeds is inhaled in treatments for coughs, bronchial asthma, rheumatism and stomach aches. In homeopathic medicine, it is well known to be an effective treatment for anxiety, agitation, unease, insomnia and spasmodic digestive disorders.

HENBANE (Hyoscyamus niger) was often included in the witches' brews and other toxic preparations of medieval Europe to cause visual hallucinations and the sensation of flight. An annual or biennial native to Europe, it has long been valued in medicine as a sedative and an anodyne to induce sleep.
The principal alkaloid of henbane is hyoscyamine, but the more hallucinogenic scopolamine is also present in significant amounts, along with several other alkaloids in smaller concentrations.
Henbane is one of 20 species of Hyoscyamus, members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. They are native to Europe, northern Africa, and western and central Asia.Medicinal Action and Uses---Antispasmodic, hypnotic, mild diuretic. The leaves have long been employed as a narcoticmedicine. It is similar in action to belladonna and stramonium, though milder in its effects. The drug combines the therapeutic actions of its two alkaloids, Hyoscyamine and Hyoscine. Because of the presence of the former, it tends to check secretion and to relax spasms of the involuntary muscles, while through the narcotic effects of its hyoscine it lessens pain and exercises a slight somnifacient action.
Its most important use is in relief of painful spasmodic affections of the unstriped muscles, as in lead colic and irritable bladder. It will also relieve pain in cystitis.
It is much employed to allay nervous irritation, in various forms of hysteria or irritable cough, the tincture or juice prepared from the bruised, fresh leaves and tops being given in mixtures as an antispasmodic in asthma.
Combined with silver nitrate, it is especially useful in the treatment of gastric ulcer and chronic gastric catarrh.
It is used to relieve the griping caused by drastic purgatives, and is a common ingredient of aperient pills, especially those containing aloes and colocynth.
In small repeated doses Henbane has been found to have a tranquillizing effect upon persons affected by severe nervous irritability, producing a tendency to sleep, not followed by the disorder of the digestive organs and headache, which too frequently result from the administration of repeated doses of opium, to which Henbane is often preferred when an anodyne or sedative is required. The comparatively small amount of atropine present does not give rise to the excitation and delirium occasioned by belladonna. It is, therefore, used in insomnia, especially when opium cannot be given. Except for this, it acts like atropine.
A watery solution of the extract applied to the eye has a similar effect to that of atropine, in dilating the pupil and thus preparing the eye for an operation, or assisting the cure of its internal inflammation. This dilution leaves no injurious effect afterwards.
In the form of extract or tincture, it is a valuable remedy, either as an anodyne, a hypnotic or a sedative, and will take effect when other drugs fail. When used for such a purpose, it is the active principle, Hyoscine, that is employed. This is very powerful - only a very small amount is used, from 1/200 to 1/70 of a grain of the Hydrobromate of Hyoscine. This drug comes under Table I of the Poisons Schedule. In poisonous doses Henbane in any form causes dimness of sight, faintness, delirium, and sometimes death.
Hyoscine, in combination with other drugs, has of late come into use in the treatment known as Twilight Sleep. This is on account of its sedative action on brain and spine, causing loss of recollection and insensibility. Hyoscine is also used to a considerable extent in asylum practice, for the treatment of acute mania and delirium tremens.
A sedative application for external use is prepared by macerating Henbane leaves in alcohol, mixing the strong tincture with olive oil and heating in a water-bath, until the alcohol is dissipated. A compound liniment of Henbane, when applied to the skin, is of great service for relieving obstinate rheumatic pains.
The fresh leaves, crushed and applied as a poultice, or fomentation, will similarly relieve local pains of gout or neuralgia. They have been employed also to allay pain in cancerous ulcers, irritable sores and swellings, but their use for this purpose is of doubtful real advantage, and seems only a palliative. The extract, in form of suppositories, is also frequently used to alleviate the pain of haemorrhoids.